Wild Canada - Nature's Untamed Beauty — Full Series — Free Documentary Nature

[00:00:00] Speaker 1: Canada has some of the most remarkable wilderness found anywhere in the world. And some of the planet's most iconic wildlife. It has the longest coastline of any country in the world. It has more surface-fresh water than any other nation on Earth. And the largest intact forest left on the planet. And yet, much of this great wilderness and wildlife today is a result of a shaping by the hands of humans going back thousands of years. Canada is a land filled with astounding wilderness and wildlife. And this series will explore this incredible natural diversity and the forces that produced it. 15,000 years ago, Canada was buried under a kilometre-thick, continent-wide glacier. This is where the story of Canada's modern wildlife and landscapes actually begins. As sea levels lowered, a land bridge with Asia was created, along which new life entered North America. And for the first time, humans arrived in this new world. Right from the start, they began to change the land and wildlife around them. And nothing would ever be the same again. But 15,000 years later, Canada is considered one of the wildest countries in the world. And one of its greatest natural spectacles happens each year on the country's Atlantic coast. This is the province of Newfoundland. And it's as far east as you can go on the North American continent. For thousands of years, this place has drawn travellers to its shores. Humpback whales arrive here each spring, from as far away as the Caribbean. They are drawn by the sheer abundance of this place. It's a richness that comes from the sea. [00:04:26] Speaker ?: Over the years, this richness drew many different types of visitors. [00:04:29] Speaker 1: Over the years, this richness drew many different types of visitors. In 1497, John Cabot arrived and became the first European since the Vikings to lay claim to this new found land. Cabot was attempting to find a new trade route to China. But instead, stumbled upon the rich natural resources of Canada. Here on the east coast, that wealth begins under the sea. Cape Lynn. Huge shoals of these small fish, numbering in the millions, mass along the coast of Newfoundland each spring. These nutrients rich fish support the incredible abundance of life here. The Atlantic Cod were once here in numbers as great as the capelin. And such rich fishing grounds lured the first Europeans to these shores. Today the great schools of cod are mostly gone. But that doesn't mean the capelin here is safe. [00:06:55] Speaker ?: These productive seas attract the largest gathering of humpback whales in the world. These massive predators have travelled thousands of kilometers to be in the world. To feast on the capelin. [00:07:16] Speaker 1: To feast on the capelin. To feast on the capelin. They haven't fed for months. [00:07:37] Speaker ?: And they're hungry. They can eat up to a ton of capelin in a single day. [00:07:46] Speaker 1: They can eat up to a ton of capelin. In a single day. [00:07:54] Speaker ?: They can eat up to a ton of capelin in a single day. They can eat up to a ton of capelin. [00:08:01] Speaker 1: They can eat up to a ton of capelin in a single day. They can eat up to a ton of capelin in a single day. [00:08:08] Speaker ?: They can eat up to a ton of capelin. They can eat up to a ton of capelin. They can eat up to a ton of capelin. They can eat up to a ton of capelin. They can eat up to a ton of capelin in a single day. They can eat up to a ton of capelin. They can eat up to a ton of capelin. They can eat up to a ton of capelin. They can eat up to a ton of capelin. They can eat up to a ton of capelin. They can eat up to a ton of capelin. They can eat up to a ton of capelin. They can eat up to a ton of capelin. [00:08:21] Speaker 2: They can eat up to a ton of capelin. They can eat up to a ton of capelin. [00:08:23] Speaker ?: They can eat up to a ton of capelin. They can eat up to a ton of capelin. They can eat up to a ton of capelin. They can eat up to a ton of capelin. [00:08:27] Speaker 1: In one massive gulp, these whales can take in 50,000 litres of water and capelin. The capelin aren't just hanging around the coast to feed the whales. They're here for a reason. To breed. These capelin are beach spawners. So to reproduce, they have to get to shore. And there's only one way to get there. [00:09:24] Speaker ?: They have to surf. [00:09:27] Speaker 1: They have to surf. Most of the time, it's hard to truly appreciate the abundance of the sea. As it's often out of sight, hidden beneath the surface. But with the capelin spawn here in Newfoundland, the incredible productivity of this place literally washes up onto shore. And this puts them in easy reach of a whole new set of predators. set of predators. [00:10:51] Speaker ?: The forest is a place where the forest is located. [00:11:21] Speaker 1: Somehow, in this crazy tumult of water, sand and tumbling bodies, each capelin has to find a partner. Then, in the dozen seconds that it takes for the wave to slide back over the sand and into the sea, they have the perfect conditions for mating. The female lays her eggs while competing males flank her, jostling for position to fertilize them. [00:12:17] Speaker ?: If they're lucky, the next wave will carry them back to the sea. [00:12:31] Speaker 1: While many of the females survive and return to the sea to spawn again, almost all the animals die. Like tiny gems, the fertilized eggs cling to the sand. Two weeks later, the larvae will hatch and be washed out to sea by the same waves that brought their parents here to spawn. [00:13:13] Speaker ?: the world's sea by the sea to spawn. [00:13:15] Speaker 1: The richness of this coast supports some of the world's largest seabird colonies. At Cape St. Mary's, 24,000 gannets make up this breeding colony. Like the whales, they come here every year to feast on the abundance of the capelin and raise their young. [00:13:47] Speaker ?: They come here every year. They come here. They come here. They come here. They come here. [00:13:54] Speaker 1: It's the incredible abundance of the marine world along the Atlantic coast that drew many of the Europeans to these shores. And to these early visitors, like Cabot, this was a new frontier waiting to be exploited. It didn't take them long to realize that there were already people here. John Cabot was one of the first to encounter a people called the Bayotug, the native inhabitants of Newfoundland and Labrador. To celebrate their tribal identity, they completely covered their bodies, clothing and weapons with red ochre. This led to the name Red Indians being applied to many of the native peoples of the continent. This was a meeting of two very different worlds. But the Bayotug didn't want to have anything to do with these new arrivals. Cabot and the other early explorers quickly came to realize that this new world was already home to many people. But what they never could have imagined was that the seemingly wild landscapes they encountered here had been shaped by the First Nations inhabitants over thousands of years. At the time of Cabot's arrival, the Iroquian and Algonquian people of the eastern forests had created a rich and lush homeland. In 1679, one European visitor described these Eastern oak forests as vast meadows, vineyards, trees bearing good fruit so well disposed one would think nature alone could not have made it. And that turned out to be very true indeed. It was a fertile patchwork of oak forests and grasslands, a savannah-like habitat where wildlife thrived. When Cabot arrived, this continent supported huge populations of wild deer, millions more than it does today. Over thousands of years, the people here had engineered their very own Garden of Eden through the careful use of fire. The first human inhabitants of North America weren't shaping the landscape with fire on just a small and local scale. They were burning tens of millions of hectares each year. Fire would burn away the young trees, creating large grassy openings in the forest. And clearing the way for the larger trees, protected by their thick bark to grow even bigger and produce more nuts and fruit for them to eat. With controlled burns, these people created one of the most productive landscapes on the continent. But it didn't last. Although today, modern forest managers are rediscovering the positive effects of fire, centuries ago, the practice of burning these forests ended. And the rich, open savannah habitat of these oak forests was lost. Now, after 300 years, fire is once again shaping the remaining black oak forests of eastern Canada. But only a few tiny patches remain. Protected in places like High Park in Toronto, which was built over the top of this once great habitat. But only a few tiny patches. Without the practice of burning, the remaining hardwood forests of Canada look very different from those that stood in Cabot's time. While not as rich and varied, they are much more colourful because of the abundance of maple trees in the forest today. Maples are very sensitive to fire, so they are kept back by the burning of the forest. But when the burning stopped, maple trees started to take over. One of Canada's most famous natural displays is a relatively recent creation arising from our new relationship with forests. In winter, maple's broad leaf would be too flat and too thin to protect from freezing. So each fall, the tree cuts its losses, pulling its resources back into its trunk, letting the leaves die. And that leads to one of the natural world's most stunning displays of death. The early European settlers were quick to take advantage of the changing composition of these eastern forests. The sugar maple became one of the most important trees in Canada. It's rich sugar content is the basis of maple syrup. And once a year in early spring, the sweet sap from these trees can be extracted. The early European settlers learned about tapping maple trees from the First Nations people, who'd been doing it for centuries. But the European settlers turned it into an industry. By the middle of the 18th century, Canada was producing seven million pounds of maple syrup annually. But centuries before, in the early days of maple tapping, the Europeans were still pushing their frontier westward. Canada has more legs than any other country on earth, which provided people with a ready-made network to travel on. And to do this, the First Nations of the Eastern Forest built a craft, the canoe, from the bark of the birch tree. The explorers and fur traders learned from the First Nations how to use the canoe, and quickly adopted it as a means to travel further inland. But not all the waterways were so easy to traverse. This is where the canoe really came into its own. It could be carried around water that was too dangerous to paddle. The marvel of the birch bark canoe was its lightness compared to the load it could carry. By adopting the canoe, the Europeans were able to push their frontier west and north across the country, deeper into the heart of Canada's boreal forest. But even the canoe was no match for the Canadian winter. river ice, river ice, river ice, and deep snow makes travel all but impossible. Most of Canada is a different place for half of the year. And getting through the northern forest in winter presented a whole new set of challenges. Canada's boreal forest stretches unbroken across the country in a band 2,000 kilometers deep and 10,000 kilometers across. It's considered the largest intact forest left in the world. It's considered the largest intact forest left in the world. For six months every year, snow transforms the forest. winter is a difficult season for many wild animals. But some are better equipped for it than others. Wolverines are very elusive. They're rarely seen and few have ever been captured on camera. With large furry feet, it almost floats across the deep snow. And with one of the most sensitive noses in the animal kingdom, it can find food almost anywhere. Wolverines are masters at winter. [00:26:44] Speaker ?: You can see how this one spreads its toes with each step, expanding the surface area of its feet, allowing it to stay on top of the snow. [00:26:52] Speaker 1: Animals' abilities to get around over the snow were not lost on the people that lived in these forests. With webbing made from the raw hide of deer or moose, stretched between strips of bent wood, they designed shoes that mimicked the effect of the wolverine's feet. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. [00:27:28] Speaker ?: The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. The wind is a little bit more than the wild animals. [00:27:58] Speaker 1: Snow shoes were as important for travel through the winter as the canoe was in the summer. The boreal forest provides many things for the people and wildlife that live here. On this far northern edge, where it borders with the Arctic, the forest provides shelter for one of the Arctic's most famous animals. And she's here for a very good reason. Over the winter, she gave birth in this den beneath the trees. And after five months inside, it must feel good to be out. Nowhere else in the world can you see polar bears playing among trees. These new cubs still have a lot to learn from their mother, and will spend the next two years with her before striking out on her own. As spring approaches, these bears leave the shelter of the trees to follow the retreating ice north. But there are many forest creatures that never leave. And some that only come out at night. Squirrels are the quintessential forest creature. And these ones are special, because not only are they nocturnal... They can fly. While they don't fly in the true sense of the word, flying squirrels can glide for 50 metres between trees. Their tails act like rudders, steering them around obstacles. They can fly in the middle of the trees. [00:31:22] Speaker ?: They can fly in the middle of the trees. They can fly in the middle of the trees. They can fly in the middle of the trees. They can fly in the middle of the trees. They can fly in the middle of the trees. They can fly in the middle of the trees. They can fly in the middle of the trees. They can fly in the middle of the trees. They can fly in the middle of the trees. They can fly in the middle of the trees. They can fly in the middle of the trees. They can fly in the middle of the trees. They can fly in the middle of the trees. They can fly in the middle of the trees. They can fly in the middle of the trees. They can fly in the middle of the trees. They can fly in the middle of the trees. [00:31:38] Speaker 1: They can fly in the middle of the trees. Flying squirrels feed on the seeds in cones that grow on the trees in which they live. And they inhabit all types of forests right across Canada. Flying squirrels stay active all year. They don't hibernate. But there are other creatures living in these northern Canadian forests that have to. Right on the southern edge of the great forest in central Manitoba. Each spring, there is a magical reawakening from beneath the forest floor. Red-sided garter snakes are just waking up from their eight-month long winter's sleep. They journeyed here last fall from up to 80 kilometres away to hibernate in these deep limestone sinkholes. The males emerge first in their thousands, coiling together for warmth under the early spring sun. They are all straining to catch the first whiff of an alluring scent on the air. Then, slowly, in ones and twos, the females begin to appear. Females emit a pheromone that drives the males, who are much smaller, into a frenzy. Dozens of males cling to her, trying to mate. Afterwards, the female will try to dislodge her partner by doing a body roll, while the male tries to hang on to keep its competitors from mating with her as well. In many ways, it's surprising to see cold-blooded creatures like snakes creating such a spectacular display in the northern climes of Canada. But conditions draw them together here, as it's the only shelter deep enough underground for them to survive the cold Canadian winter. This concentration makes it the largest gathering of snakes in the world. Farther south and west from here, at the centre of the country, the forest gives way to a different landscape. The prairies. At one time, this vast grassland stretched all the way south to Mexico. It's broad, flat expanse was created by the sediments deposited when the continental glaciers melted. These open grasslands supported the North American buffalo. [00:36:09] Speaker ?: These were the most famous plants. [00:36:10] Speaker 1: Once the most numerous, and still perhaps the most famous prairie animal. And there were other interesting characters. All adapted to life in the open grassland. Like the sharp-tailed grouse. [00:36:34] Speaker ?: The burrowing owl. [00:36:38] Speaker 1: The burrowing owl. And the black-tailed prairie dog. While the great buffalo herds no longer roam this grassland. There is one animal that appears purpose-built for these vast open plains. And still runs free today. And still runs free today. Pronghorn antelope are the fastest hooved mammals on the planet. [00:37:16] Speaker ?: But today, they're ecological ghosts. [00:37:42] Speaker 1: Relics of a time when this open grassland was home to cheetah-like cats. [00:37:43] Speaker ?: And other predators fast enough to catch them. The cheetahs are long gone. Along with a lot of the wildlife that lived here millennia ago. The cheetahs are long gone. The cheetahs are long gone. Along with a lot of the wildlife that lived here millennia ago. The cheetahs are long gone. [00:37:46] Speaker 1: Along with a lot of the wildlife that lived here millennia ago. Today, the pronghorns sprint on alone. [00:37:50] Speaker ?: Running a race that ended 10,000 years ago. [00:37:50] Speaker 1: The cheetahs are long gone. The cheetahs are long gone. The cheetahs are long gone. The cheetahs are long gone. [00:37:54] Speaker ?: The cheetahs are long gone. The cheetahs are long gone. [00:37:56] Speaker 1: The cheetahs are long gone. The cheetahs are long gone. The cheetahs are long gone. The cheetahs are long gone. The cheetahs are long gone. The cheetahs are long gone. The cheetahs are long gone. [00:38:04] Speaker ?: Along with a lot of the wildlife that lived here millennia ago. [00:38:09] Speaker 1: Today, the pronghorns sprint on alone. Running a race that ended 10,000 years ago. Pronghorns have always lived in the centre of the country. Because further west, the landscape changes radically. To the west, the prairies run into a crumpled landscape that gives rise. To the rocky mountains. An unbroken chain. Almost 5,000 kilometres long. Of some of the tallest peaks on the continent. In some places, this range is over 500 kilometres wide. Although this steep, rugged country seems ill-disposed to life. There are some amazing creatures here. Bighorn sheep battle for breeding supremacy. And beyond the rockies, the mountains go on and on. There are a dozen different mountain chains running through British Columbia. Each one different from the next. The otherworldly colours of the volcanic rainbow mountain range derives from a process thought to be similar to that which created the colour of soil on Mars. And nearby, the Stikine River cuts a great dark chasm through the mountains on its way to the Pacific. More people have walked on the moon than have paddled through this canyon. These vertical canyon walls are home to mountain goats. Sure-footed relatives of antelopes. They seem at ease making their way across these sheer cliff faces. Where one slip can mean a long fall to death. The vertical walls of the Stikine Canyon provide some truly spectacular mountain goat habitat. The water from these mountains flows west, carrying great loads of minerals and silt to the Pacific. Here in British Columbia, where the mountains meet the sea, there's a combination of elements that create the most productive landscape in the country. Land and sea, life here benefits from the alignment of these two elements. It's the forests where the link between the sea and the land tells the most. Canada's west coast is home to a third of the world's remaining temperate rainforest. It is one of the richest habitats on the planet. Among these trees, there is a greater abundance of life than anywhere else in Canada. It's a rich and magical place, filled with strange and wonderful creatures. It's a spirit bear, a rare colour phase of the North American black bear. He's not an albino. He's a black bear, but born with a combination of rare genes that makes his fur white. These forests are his home and provide everything he needs to survive. Each summer, the network of rivers that flow through his forest brings food to his doorstep. But just like any bear, he has to catch it. Fishing is a skill, and some bears are naturally better at it than others. This particular bear doesn't seem to be very good at it. His white fur doesn't seem to give him any special status in the bear hierarchy. [00:44:49] Speaker ?: He's easily pushed out of the ground. He's very close to the ground. He has to be very good at it. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. [00:45:17] Speaker 1: He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. [00:45:21] Speaker ?: He's very close to the ground. [00:45:22] Speaker 1: He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. [00:45:25] Speaker ?: He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. [00:45:31] Speaker 1: He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. [00:45:35] Speaker ?: He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. [00:45:38] Speaker 1: He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. He's very close to the ground. They seem so close. Maybe a new technique will do the trick. But a surprise attack from above doesn't work either. Finally, he gets one. He's going to need a lot of these over the next few months to prepare him for winter. For centuries, this rich, temperate rainforest has supported generations of spirit bears. But further north, in Canada's vast tundra region, the wildlife has to survive in a landscape far less productive. Geographically, the center of the country is actually in the middle of the Arctic tundra. The Canadian Arctic is one of the least populated parts of the planet. [00:46:45] Speaker ?: And it seems people have had very little impact here. [00:46:46] Speaker 1: For a long time, it was thought to be a landscape that had not changed since the ice age. [00:47:03] Speaker ?: For a long time, it was also in the middle of the Arctic tundra. For a long time, it's not in the middle of the Arctic tundra. [00:47:07] Speaker 1: It's not in the middle of the Arctic tundra. It's not in the middle of the Arctic tundra. For a long time, it's not in the middle of the Arctic tundra. It's not in the middle of the Arctic tundra. [00:47:11] Speaker ?: It's not in the middle of the Arctic tundra. [00:47:11] Speaker 1: It's not in the middle of the Arctic tundra. It's not in the middle of the Arctic tundra. [00:47:13] Speaker ?: It's not in the middle of the Arctic tundra. [00:47:14] Speaker 1: The plants of the tundra are very poor in nutrients. It's hard for the animals to extract much from the mosses and lichens that grow on the tundra today. Caribou are one of the few grazers that can survive on this meagre food. But the tundra wasn't always like this. Recent scientific research shows that 15,000 years ago the tundra environment was in fact a grassland. And it was grazed by very different creatures than we see on the prairies today. Mammoths. It was a surprisingly productive habitat this far north. That is, until a new arrival. As the Ice Age ended, people arrived on the grassland known as the Mammoth Steppe, that supported vast herds of grazers. But these people were skilled hunters. And the creatures that lived here had no defense against them. Within a few centuries, most of these animals were extinct. Scientists now believe that with the mammoths gone, the grasses died out. Causing the ground to turn wet and boggy. And this fertile grassland disappeared. And the land became the tundra that we see today. Making it the biggest human change landscape in the country. 15,000 years ago, the tundra was Canada's first frontier. Today, Canada has a new frontier. The Arctic. And as with earlier frontiers, humans continue to alter the world around them. Right now, the Arctic landscape is undergoing one of the biggest human-caused changes in the history of the planet. Change in the global climate is melting the Arctic. [00:50:23] Speaker ?: Opening up a new frontier. [00:50:24] Speaker 1: Creating conditions that have probably not been seen here in a million years. [00:50:37] Speaker ?: But it's a fundamentally different frontier than the past. [00:50:41] Speaker 1: The changes here are being caused by humans all over the world and created unintentionally. No one knows how, or even if, the life in this region will adapt to these new conditions. But the changes we bring to the Arctic will be felt far beyond the boundaries of this place. They will influence the entire planet. The story of Canada's eternal frontier continues. The West of Canada contains the most diverse range of habitats anywhere in the country. The boundaries here are set by unique geography, created by the vast Rocky Mountains. A natural barrier to the rest of the country. A natural barrier to the rest of the country. On the other extreme is the rich Pacific Ocean. Home to part of the world's largest temperate rainforest. The West holds the greatest variety of animals in Canada. [00:52:31] Speaker ?: I'm going to go. [00:53:02] Speaker 1: But it's not pure, untouched nature. Human hands have influenced it more than we might realize. The source of the West's riches lies in the sea. Pacific salmon have been coming here for some six million years. They were here before the last ice age and long before the arrival of human beings. Every summer, hundreds of millions make one of the planet's greatest migrations. From deep in the Pacific Ocean, swimming far inland to spawn, in the very spot where they themselves were hatched. Their journey defines the entire West. The West Coast rises abruptly from the deep ocean. It's nutrient-rich waters attract animals of all kinds. Marine mammals, like killer whales, come here to intercept the migrating salmon. This is one of the richest coastlines in the world. But there is another reason why life proliferates here. These flat-bottomed silty coves may seem unremarkable. But they are not entirely natural. We now know that ancient people began to create them thousands of years ago to encourage one particular animal to flourish. The clue lies buried. But crows, highly intelligent birds, know about it. At low tide, they pick out clams that are abundant here. Clams like the silty substrate, but they can't escape the crows. Digging them out is only half the job. The birds then have to get rid of the shell, and they know just how to do that. At low tide, they're easy to spot because they squirt water through their siphons. That is how they breathe, eat, and eliminate waste. We've only recently understood why the clams are here in such numbers. Aerial surveys, carried out in the 90s at the very lowest tide, showed repeated patterns of rocks. But because these rocks are usually under water, no scientist paid any attention to them. Only when the first nation's people living on the coast were questioned, did the answer become clear. Their ancestors had constructed an environment that clams could flourish in. They did it by building a wall, which created an artificial cove. Once silt accumulated behind it, the clams had a huge area in which to breed and proliferate. At the lowest tides, the people reaped the rewards. And as a bonus, they gathered whelks and seaweed from the rocks. [00:57:48] Speaker ?: And as a bonus, they gathered whelks and seaweed from the rocks. And as a bonus, they gathered whelks and seaweed from the rocks. And as a bonus, they gathered whelks and seaweed from the rocks. And as a bonus, they gathered whelks and seaweed from the rocks. [00:57:53] Speaker 1: We now know that the early peoples along this coast were rather more sophisticated than the simple hunter-gatherers that they were once thought to be. Although the settlements where people lived for thousands of years are gone, the walls they built still serve their purpose. And it's not only humans that benefit from them. Raccoons have particularly sensitive and dexterous paws, equipped with thin hairs that enable them to sense prey Mink, on the other hand, rely on their very sharp eyes to detect their prey. Some of the walls built thousands of years ago are still in good condition today. The physical landscape of this coast is not all natural. There are almost 300 clam beds in this small area of coastline. No one can say how many there are in total, but it may be that most of the coastline in this area of British Columbia has been modified in this way. People have been exploiting this coast for thousands of years. At the end of the last ice age, this coast was the main human migration route into the continent. 13 to 15,000 years ago, people came south from Siberia by skirting along this coast. There were fish, mammals, and plants to eat. These were easier travelling conditions than across the ice-covered interior. And the salmon swimming up the rivers would have been an easy target. In the estuaries where the sea and fresh water mingle, they pause, waiting for the perfect moment to head inland. From now until they spawn, they won't eat, and their bodies will start to deteriorate. So they only have a limited time in which to reach their spawning grounds, and there are many dangers ahead. Rainforest wolves prowl along the coastal inlets. These are rich hunting grounds. Wolves are mostly nocturnal, so it's rare to see them out in the open in broad daylight. Some are attracted by the prospect of feasting on salmon in this intertidal zone. At low tide, there's less water, which makes fishing easier. [01:02:34] Speaker ?: There's less water, which makes fishing easier. There's less water, which makes fishing easier. There's less water, which makes fishing easier. There's less water, which makes fishing easier. There's less water, which makes fishing easier. There's less water, which makes fishing easier. There's less water, which makes fishing easier. There's less water, which makes fishing easier. There's less water, which makes fishing easier. There's less water, which makes fishing easier. There's less water, which makes fishing easier. There's less water, which makes fishing easier. There's less water, which makes fishing easier. There's less water, which makes fishing easier. There's less water, which makes fishing easier. There's less water, which makes fishing easier. There's more water, which makes fishing easier. There's more water, which makes fishing easier. There's more water, which makes fishing easier. [01:03:05] Speaker 1: It seems as if the wolves are killing more than they can ever eat. But there's a good reason for them to do so. The wolves won't eat the flesh of salmon, as it may contain parasites that can kill them. But they do like to eat their heads. Their brains are very rich and apparently free of the deadly parasite. But the most nutritious part of the salmon is the skin, rich in fat. And this is hard to get at without eating the flesh. So the wolves let other animals prepare it for them. They deliberately leave their catch on the side of the river in plain sight of scavengers. Ravens and eagles then come in for easy pickings. They eat the fresh flesh, but leave behind the skin and bones. When the remains are sufficiently decomposed, the wolves come back and eat the healthy leftovers. Wherever they go, the salmon nourish the wildlife on the coast. There are more than 200 species in these forests that feed on salmon. The richness of the West has always drawn animals in. And that in turn has attracted people. They've lived here in greater density than anywhere else in the country. But until the 18th century, few outsiders knew about this land. The first ones to arrive here came by ship. They had no idea about the degree to which the land was occupied or altered. When Captain George Vancouver set foot on this land, he thought it was like the Garden of Eden. And described it as 'enchantingly beautiful'. With songbirds in the air and beds of Camas flowers under budding Gary Oak trees, it was easy to see why he thought they'd arrived in paradise. Vancouver wrote, "The country before us exhibited everything that bounteous nature could be expected to draw." We had no reason to imagine that this country had ever been indebted for any of its decorations to the hand of man. He could not have been more wrong. First Nations groups had been managing this environment over thousands of years. They burned the underbrush to allow them to hunt deer more successfully. And they harvested tubers from the Camas plants. And acorns from the oak. Some think the whole environment here was introduced. Carbon testing shows the Gary Oaks and Camas first grew at a similar time to when humans arrived here. Vancouver witnessed an entirely created and cultivated land without realising it. Over time, Gary Oaks have become scarcer. But the few that still exist are in a very different setting. Today, the island which took Vancouver's name is home to some of the most expensive real estate in the whole country. Historically, people were drawn to live by the coast for one main reason. the easy availability of food. And the best and most reliable West Coast food has always been salmon. After years living at sea, somehow they have to navigate through the entire river system back to the point of their birth. Salmon have an amazing sense of smell. They are able to detect one particle in a billion that may be characteristic of the river where they hatched. As they head upstream, the current gets stronger. And in some places, the river becomes so fast and steep, they can no longer swim against it. They have to leave the water to get through. For a moment, they become flying fish, complete with flapping rudders. These jumps are the equivalent of a human leaping over a four-storey building. The precision of their jumps and the exact point of re-entry can make the difference between life and death. But if they are to reach their spawning grounds, they have to get through. [01:11:21] Speaker ?: The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:12:27] Speaker 1: The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:12:31] Speaker ?: The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:12:40] Speaker 1: The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:12:53] Speaker ?: The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:13:07] Speaker 1: The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:13:11] Speaker ?: The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:13:27] Speaker 1: The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:13:32] Speaker ?: The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:13:36] Speaker 1: The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:13:38] Speaker ?: The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:14:10] Speaker 1: Eventually the bear's persistence pays off. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:14:14] Speaker ?: The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:14:42] Speaker 1: The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:14:45] Speaker ?: The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:14:58] Speaker 1: The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:15:20] Speaker ?: The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:15:22] Speaker 1: The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:15:29] Speaker 2: The precision of their wings are the same. [01:15:30] Speaker ?: The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:15:42] Speaker 1: The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:15:45] Speaker ?: The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:15:58] Speaker 1: The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:16:12] Speaker ?: The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:16:15] Speaker 1: The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:16:20] Speaker ?: The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. The precision of their wings are the same. [01:16:31] Speaker 1: The precision of their wings are the same. The Wet'suwet'en people have been here for over 5,000 years, exploiting the narrow gorge that passes through their territory. Traditionally, this method of dip-net fishing was only about securing food. But today, salmon numbers are falling. So, locals carry out surveys on the numbers and health of the salmon population. For salmon to flourish in the wild, they must be able to return to their spawning grounds. The vast majority of these red sockeye salmon that left these very same gravel beds as juveniles four years ago have perished. Now, the survivors are back to reproduce. The females dig out reds, shallow scoops in the gravel in which they lay their eggs. And males, swimming alongside, fertilize them. And some of the salmon used to get a helping hand from the locals. The hellsic, who call themselves the salmon people, still know the salmon's spawning behaviour very well. But their ancestors had remarkable ways of helping them. As soon as the eggs were laid and fertilized, these people gathered them and carefully placed them in cedar-bent wood boxes, lined with moss to help keep them moist. They were then taken away and put into a different free-running river. The temperate rainforest provided everything that the First Nations needed, and was their home. Cedar trees were used for everything from houses and canoes, to boxes, and even clothing. The forest provided medicines, and most of the land-based animals lived there. But when the Europeans arrived, they saw the land very differently. Captain George Vancouver, who had adored the meadows of Vancouver Island, found the dripping rainforest less welcoming. He wrote: "Our residence here was truly forlorn. An awful silence pervaded the gloomy forests, whilst animated nature seemed to have deserted the neighbouring country." In fact, Vancouver's men just didn't know where to look. The temperate rainforest was teeming with life, like the unique white spirit bear only found in British Columbia. Today, there are less than 200 left. But much of life in the forest lives in the canopy. If the British had looked up in the trees, they would have seen vast nests, the largest in all of Canada, that sometimes weigh two tons. Home to the bald eagle. The chicks need to attract their mother's attention by screeching the loudest for food. They add a kilo in weight each week, and need to take everything offered from mum's beak. The fastest to grow will become the strongest, and may fatally attack the others. From the treetops, adult eagles have a great vantage point to hunt for their young. The eagle's superb eyesight and powerful talons usually make the hunt a foregone conclusion. The vast forested area of the Hellzig was maintained by the locals. They saw themselves as custodians of their territory. And they transformed environments when they released the fertilised salmon eggs. This helped populate new streams. And the effects were long lasting, as the salmon always returned to the place where they were hatched to lay their eggs. So new populations of salmon were created that fed communities, both humans and wildlife, for generations to come. This great forested landscape of huge coniferous trees is living proof of how successful they were. The world's largest temperate rainforest still flourishes, largely due to nutrients provided by returning salmon. The world's largest forested area of the land. [01:24:09] Speaker ?: The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. [01:24:23] Speaker 1: Conditions in the mountains inland are tougher than the coastal forests. It is harder to get around. There is less plant life, less water, and so fewer animals. The ones that do live here have had to develop particular strategies to do so. [01:24:49] Speaker ?: The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. [01:24:50] Speaker 1: The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. [01:24:56] Speaker ?: The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. [01:25:04] Speaker 1: The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. [01:25:07] Speaker ?: The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. [01:25:14] Speaker 1: And here, predators await them. The secretive and solitary lynx is rarely seen in the day. But grizzly bears are bolder and prowl the mountainside for food. [01:25:44] Speaker ?: The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. The forested area of the land is a huge amount of water. [01:26:26] Speaker 1: The adult sheep are too nimble to be caught here. But they're young and much more vulnerable. In the spring, the newborn lambs have a lot to learn about their mountain homes. They have to adapt quickly to be able to move up and down the steep slopes. They must keep close to their mothers, as there's danger everywhere. But their greatest threat is hard to spot. Golden eagles can see a newborn lamb from a mile away. They can pick up double their own body weight and fly off with it in their talons. But the lambs grow fast. Within weeks, they'll be too heavy for the eagles to lift. The lambs will be safe as long as they stay together with their parents. But the swooping eagle tries to separate them. Away from the main herd, the lamb is in real danger. [01:28:25] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:29:05] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:29:09] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:29:25] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:29:29] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:29:44] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:29:58] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:29:59] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:30:10] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:30:11] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:30:25] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:30:38] Speaker 1: While humans moved out of the mountains in winter, wildlife must adapt to the changing conditions. [01:30:45] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:30:56] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:31:01] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:31:07] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:31:12] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:31:25] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:31:28] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:31:30] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:31:34] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:31:38] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:31:56] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:31:58] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:32:03] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:32:04] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:32:08] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:32:10] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:32:14] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:32:25] Speaker 1: Finally, one big male peels off, and that lays down the gauntlet to all the others. [01:32:55] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:33:10] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:33:25] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:33:30] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:33:33] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:33:34] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:33:37] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:33:42] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:33:55] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:34:07] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:34:12] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:34:25] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:34:27] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:34:55] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:34:57] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:35:04] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:35:08] Speaker 2: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:35:10] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:35:29] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:35:36] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:36:04] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:36:10] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:36:13] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:36:32] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:36:34] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:36:37] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:36:43] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:36:56] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:36:57] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:37:02] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:37:04] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:37:08] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:37:13] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:37:25] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:37:26] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:37:32] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:37:33] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:37:39] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:37:40] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:37:55] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:37:56] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:38:06] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:38:13] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:38:32] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:39:37] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:39:45] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:39:51] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:40:04] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:40:13] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:40:18] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:40:38] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:40:46] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:41:10] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:41:14] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:41:18] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:41:34] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:41:35] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:41:43] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:41:46] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:41:49] Speaker 2: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:41:50] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:42:05] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:42:10] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:42:20] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:42:34] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:42:38] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:42:40] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:42:53] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:43:07] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:43:13] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:43:17] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:43:39] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:43:47] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:43:53] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:44:04] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:44:07] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:44:23] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:44:36] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:44:39] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:44:45] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:45:04] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:45:06] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:45:07] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:45:11] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:45:12] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:45:16] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:45:22] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:45:41] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:46:04] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:46:10] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:46:14] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:46:19] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:46:21] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:46:34] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:46:35] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:46:44] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:46:52] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:47:04] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:47:06] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:47:34] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:47:44] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:47:49] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:48:04] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:48:25] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:48:29] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:48:41] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:48:42] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:48:46] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:48:49] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:49:01] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:49:07] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:49:16] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:49:31] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:49:37] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:49:49] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:49:56] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:49:58] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:49:59] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:50:01] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:50:18] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:50:22] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:50:32] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:50:33] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:50:47] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:50:51] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:50:55] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:51:02] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:51:05] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:51:06] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:51:17] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:51:19] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:51:24] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:51:27] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:51:36] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:51:47] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:51:48] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:51:51] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:51:56] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:51:58] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:52:00] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:52:03] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:52:19] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:52:27] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:52:34] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:52:47] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:52:50] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:52:59] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:53:17] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:53:33] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:53:37] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:53:48] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:53:57] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:54:02] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:54:17] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:54:33] Speaker 1: By chasing bison over steep cliffs, known as buffalo jumps, hunters could secure enough meat to feed the entire community. [01:54:47] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:54:52] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:54:59] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:55:04] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:55:17] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:55:18] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:55:23] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:55:31] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:55:47] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:56:05] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:56:21] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:56:23] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:56:30] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:56:31] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:56:35] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:56:50] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:56:55] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:57:00] Speaker 2: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:57:04] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:57:24] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:57:31] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:57:33] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:57:51] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:57:55] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:58:01] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:58:17] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:58:18] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:58:32] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:58:48] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:58:49] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:58:54] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:58:56] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:59:03] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:59:05] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:59:24] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:59:35] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [01:59:52] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [02:00:31] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [02:00:35] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [02:01:22] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [02:01:27] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. [02:01:28] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [02:01:33] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [02:01:47] Speaker 1: By late October, the first frosts have arrived. [02:02:17] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [02:02:26] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [02:02:32] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [02:02:35] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [02:02:47] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [02:02:54] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [02:03:02] Speaker 2: The lion's tail is in real danger. [02:03:03] Speaker 1: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. [02:03:17] Speaker ?: The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. The lion's tail is in real danger. Once separated from the rest of the herd. [02:03:47] Speaker 1: While a bison's front end is well protected, its rump is not. So any further attempt to run away would simply play into the wolves' jaws. And with the herd gone, the young bison has no alternative but to try and stand its ground. The bloodied wolf can afford to take time out to quench her thirst with a mouthful of snow. The odds are clearly in her favor. Finally, the game of survival comes down to a choice of ends. The bison needs to keep the wolf facing its armoured head. While the wolf wants to get at its quarry's defenceless rear. Primordial scenes like this would once have been common in Canada's heartland. But today, most of the wild bison herds are long gone. And this is one of the last places in the world where wolves and bison can still determine each other's fate. North of the prairies, a belt of conifer trees, the boreal forest stretches the entire width of Canada. It is considered to be the largest intact forest left in the world. And it is considered to be the largest in the world. [02:06:07] Speaker ?: It is considered to be the largest in the world. [02:06:08] Speaker 1: It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. [02:06:12] Speaker ?: It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. [02:06:48] Speaker 1: It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. It is considered to be the largest in the world. [02:06:56] Speaker ?: It is considered to be the largest in the world. [02:06:57] Speaker 1: It is considered to be the largest in the world. In central Alberta, a moose and her calves venture out into the snow searching for food. When times are tough, these willow twigs could make the difference between life and death for these moose. By midwinter, the temperature has dipped below minus 40 degrees. On a frozen lake, a deer has succumbed to the cold. The tattered carcass looks as if it was savaged by a large predator during the night. Now, in the morning light, the hungry whiskey jacks give way to the larger, more powerful ravens. The squabbling ravens sought out their pecking order over this winter feast. Opening a frozen carcass would be impossible for the ravens. So who did it? A wolverine. With its muscular body, frost-shedding fur coat, and big snowshoe paws, a wolverine can cover large tracks of frozen wilderness in search of food. Just over a metre long, the wolverine looks like a small bear, but is actually a member of the weasel tribe. Rarely seen, this is some of the first footage of wild wolverines ever recorded in North America. We still know very little about wild wolverines. They have rarely been studied in the wild. A hunter in its own right, it is also an expert scavenger. Its immensely powerful jaws can butcher even the most hard-frozen carcass. With its bellies stuffed full, the wolverine will be able to survive several days until its next meal. Carcasses like this are a rare bonanza for scavengers in these forests. When the weather takes a turn for the worse, the hungry ravens make a last-ditch attempt to fill their bellies. But in a matter of hours, the dead deer is entirely buried. Later, a young male wolverine arrives on the sea, not knowing there's a carcass hidden beneath the snow. But his senses are extraordinary. But his senses are extraordinary. [02:10:42] Speaker ?: Somehow, he is able to sniff out the faint odour of fire. Somehow, he is able to sniff out the faint odour of frozen flesh. Somehow, he is able to sniff out the faint odour of frozen flesh. Somehow, he is able to sniff out the faint odour of frozen flesh. Somehow, he is able to sniff out the faint odour of frozen flesh. Somehow, he is able to sniff out the faint odour of frozen flesh. Even through a metre of fresh snow. In the race to survive, the wolverine wins by a no. In the race to survive, the wolverine wins by a nose. In the race to survive, the wolverine wins by a nose. In the race to survive, the wolverine wins by a no. In the race to survive, the wolverine wins by a no. In the race to survive, the wolverine wins by a no. [02:11:03] Speaker 1: In the race to survive, the wolverine wins by a no. For the aboriginal people of these forest, the wolverine wins by a no. In the race to survive, the wolverine wins by a no. In the race to survive, the wolverine wins by a no. For the aboriginal people of these forests, finding food in the winter required all their ingenuity. And one of their techniques looks a bit strange from the outside. Under the dark shelter of a tent, ice fishing was practised this way by First Nations people for at least a thousand years. Beneath a hole chipped through the ice, the fisherman plays his lure, hoping to attract a hungry fish within spearing range. The dark tent above keeps his silhouette from spooking the fish. Still today, ice fishing is popular among Canadians. In Quebec, hundreds of cabins have been moved onto the metre-thick ice of the St Anne River, creating a temporary village where the whole community gathers each January for an ice fishing festival. The prize draw is the Atlantic tomcod, which migrate from the sea during the winter to spawn in fresh water. They were once harvested commercially, but today, tomcod fishing is more about family fun. [02:13:05] Speaker 2: The party lasts from late December through into early February. [02:13:21] Speaker 1: As evening temperatures drop below minus 20 Celsius, families retreat into the warmth of their stove-heated cabins. Meanwhile, out on a frozen pond in northern Quebec, steam rises from the chimney of a different snow-covered dwelling. Beneath its blanket of insulating snow is a beaver's lodge. The steam plume comes from the cosy interior of the lodge, currently occupied by muskrats. Muskrats resemble beavers, but are smaller with slender tails. The muskrats are squatters here, enjoying the warmth while the owners are busy foraging outside. Beavers eat mostly leaves, twigs and bark. If times are tough though, they can draw on the fat reserves stored in their tails. The beavers keep a submerged larder of willow and aspen in their pond, so they don't have to venture out above the ice to forage in the cold winter. The beavers keep a submerged larder of willow and aspen in their pond, so they don't have to venture out above the ice to forage in the cold winter months. Until this unique new footage was filmed inside a wild beaver's lodge, muskrats had always been thought of as freeloaders. But this muskrat can clearly be seen plastering mud onto the lodge wall, making a direct contribution to its weatherproofing. This is the first time muskrats have been recorded helping beavers to maintain a lodge. Maybe it's time to give the busy muskrat some recognition. Protected from predators inside their snow-covered stronghold, the beavers and muskrats remain insulated from the world outside until spring melts the ice on their pond. Canada has the largest wetland area in the world. And throughout the boreal forest, as winter ends, it springs to life. [02:16:56] Speaker ?: A pair of western greaves. [02:16:59] Speaker 1: A pair of western greaves. This spectacular water-walking dance is their courtship display. Spring is a busy season for many creatures of these wetlands. [02:17:27] Speaker ?: And the beavers are no exception. [02:17:28] Speaker 1: Their lodge is now an island, surrounded by a shallow pond that the beavers created by damming up a small creek. They must regularly patrol their dam, making sure it stays watertight. If they find a leak, they quickly set to work to fix it. The beavers are one of the largest rodents in the world and use their strength to great advantage. [02:18:34] Speaker ?: The beavers are one of the many creatures of the world and the sea. They are the only ones that are in their water. They are the only ones that are in the world. They are the only ones that are in the world. They are the only ones that are in the world. They are the only ones that are in the world. They are the only ones that are in the world. They are the only ones that are in the world. They are the only ones that are in the world. They are the only ones that are in the world. They are the only ones that are in the world. They are the only ones that are in the world. They are the only ones that are in the world. They are the only ones that are in the world. They are the only ones that are in the world. They are the only ones that are in the world. [02:18:54] Speaker 1: All this fetching and carrying uses up a lot of energy. A beaver's diet is relatively low in calories. So they need to spend a lot of time feeding. The dam mending is completed by jamming mud and weed in the chinks between the logs. Beaver dams may span hundreds of metres. That's a lot of maintenance work for the adult pair. The beaver's pond provides a habitat for waterfowl. A pair of ring-nicked ducks. Pumped up with spring hormones, male red-winged blackbirds stake out their territory in song. A Canada goose has made her nest on top of the beaver's lodge. Now that her eggs have hatched, she needs to move her young to where they can find food. But something along the water's edge has caught her eye. Reacting to the goose's alarm call, the beaver's tail slap warns every other resident of the pond. At the pond's edge, a red-necked grebe pops off her nest. She can always lay another clutch if needs be. Though their cover has been blown, the wolves seem reluctant to give up entirely on their duck hunting ambitions. When large prey are scarce, wolves will often hunt smaller animals. But in this deep water, it's a losing game. And the wolf soon gives up the chase. Once the wolves have gone, life returns to normal. The grebe settles back down to incubate her clutch of eggs. While her mate brings an offering of waterweeds. Now the goose can take her goslings to find food. Thanks in part to the beavers, Canada's heartland is a great place for water birds. And a host of other pond life. And it's not just wildlife that benefits. Beaver dammed waterways regulate the flow of rainwater. Reducing flood pulses and allowing silt to settle out. And clear water to flow. The effect of beavers on the landscape is so beneficial that the Blackfoot people had a say. Beavers built the world in which we live. The early European explorers, however, saw beavers in a very different light. In the summer of 1659, two French adventurers, Radisson and Grosseillet, set off on a clandestine expedition. Their plan was to paddle their canoe deep into Canada's wild heartland. Make friends amongst Aboriginal communities along their route. And encourage them to trap beavers and bring their fur pelts to Montreal to train. For a whole year, the Frenchmen were out of contact with the outside world. The following summer, the explorers suddenly reappeared. [02:24:39] Speaker ?: This time, we're company. Their canoes were laden with bells. They were company. Their canoes were laden with bales of beaver power. They were company. They were company. They were company. They were company. They were company. They were company. They were company. They were company. They were company. They were company. They were company. They were company. They were company. They were company. They were company. They were company. [02:24:50] Speaker 1: The following summer, the explorers suddenly reappeared. This time, with company. Their canoes were laden with bales of beaver pelts. All in all, there were 55 tonnes of fur. The furs, requiring a fertility of 100 canoes to carry them. This was the beginning of the fur trading industry in Canada. This industry decimated the beaver population. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, there were as many as 400 million beavers on the continent. Today, there were just 12 million. Beavers vanished from many former strongholds, profoundly changing the character of the landscape. Without beaver ponds, the forest becomes drier and less diverse. And in the vast evergreen forests of Western Ontario, summer lightning is more likely to spark a huge blaze. With flames shooting over 100 metres high, the firefront is threatening a valuable timber reserve. And there are human settlements in the area too. [02:26:39] Speaker ?: With flames shooting over 100 meters high, the firefront is threatening a valuable timber reserve. And there are human settlements in the area too. [02:26:48] Speaker 1: With flames shooting over 100 meters high, the firefront is threatening a valuable timber reserve. And there are human settlements in the area too. With flames shooting over 100 meters high, the fire front is threatening a valuable timber reserve. And there are human settlements in the area too. [02:27:02] Speaker ?: With flames shooting over 100 meters high, the firefront in the area too. with flames shooting over 100 meters high, the firefront is threatening a little bit. [02:27:15] Speaker 1: With flames shooting over 100 meters high, the firefront is threatening a little bit. With flames shooting over 100 meters high, the firefront is threatening a little bit. Over 50 fire ranger crews and seven helicopters operated by the Ontario Fire Service are dispatched to the scene. The helicopters pick up water from a local lake to douse pockets of blazing forest. [02:27:47] Speaker ?: With flames shooting over 100 meters high, the firefront has a little bit. With flames shooting over 100 meters high. With flames shooting over 100 meters high in the area too. With flames shooting over 100 meters high. With flames shooting over 100 meters high in the area too. With flames shooting over 100 meters high in the area too. With flames shooting over 100 meters high in the area too. With flames shooting over 100 meters high in the area too. With flames shooting over 100 meters high in the area too. With flames shooting over 100 meters high in the area too. With flames shooting over 100 meters high in the area too. With flames shooting over 100 meters high in the area too. With flames shooting over 100 meters high in the area too. With flames shooting over 100 meters high in the area too. With flames shooting over 100 meters high in the area too. With flames shooting over 100 meters high in the area too. [02:28:17] Speaker 1: It's becoming clear that this is no ordinary fire. It is time to bring in the big guns. Canadair CL415 water bombers carry a payload of up to 6 tons of water. Laced with fire suppressant foam. A clever design allows them to fill their water tanks on the move. [02:29:14] Speaker ?: They're brief is to drench a strip of forest ahead of the advancing fire front. And with these tactics. The blaze. The blaze. Is finally brought under control. The blaze. The blaze. Is finally brought under control. The blaze. Is finally brought under control. The blaze. Is finally brought under control. The blaze. Is finally brought under control. The blaze. Is finally brought under control. The blaze. Is finally brought under control. The blaze. Is finally brought under control. The blaze. [02:29:36] Speaker 1: Is finally brought under control. The blaze. Is finally brought under control. [02:29:42] Speaker ?: The blaze. Is finally brought under control. [02:29:42] Speaker 1: The blaze. Is finally brought under control. [02:29:44] Speaker ?: The blaze. [02:29:45] Speaker 1: Is finally brought under control. The blaze. Is finally brought under control. The blaze. [02:29:51] Speaker ?: Is finally brought under control. [02:29:56] Speaker 1: Fire has always been a natural part of this landscape. Today. Fire is recognized as an essential part of the forest cycle. And wildfires. Are allowed to burn unchecked. Unless they threaten life. Or property. While the aftermath looks like devastation. These trees have had thousands of years to adapt. In the wake of the flames. The cones of the jack pine. Unfurl. Releasing their seeds. Over time. New trees grow up. [02:30:35] Speaker ?: And the forest. Gradually recovers. But some changes to the heartland. Are not so readily reversed. Over three centuries of European settlement. [02:30:41] Speaker 1: The prairie landscape. The prairie landscape. Are not so readily reversed. Over three centuries of European settlement. [02:30:47] Speaker ?: The prairie landscape. Has radically changed. Neatly ploughed farms. And fenced-in cattle ranches. Now occupy most of the original wild grassland. [02:30:52] Speaker 1: But some changes to the heartland are not so readily reversed. Over three centuries of European settlement, the prairie landscape has radically changed. Neatly ploughed farms and fenced-in cattle ranches now occupy most of the original wild grassland. All that remains of the vast bison herds that once roamed the prairie is a few small managed herds in wildlife preserves and game ranches. On a game ranch in Manitoba, a female bison has just given birth. This calf is entering a world where she will be protected from predators, given extra feed in winter and generally cosseted by her human owners. The formidable animal that once helped shape the prairie landscape has become a profitable commodity. Formed over thousands of years in an open prairie landscape, faced with the ever-present threat of marauding wolves, the calf's instinct is to struggle to its feet within minutes of birth. [02:32:41] Speaker ?: the forest. [02:32:44] Speaker 1: Domestication may have changed its circumstances, but this little bison remains wild at heart. In southwestern Alberta, near the Rocky Mountains, the prairie landscape is now dominated by farms and fences, but it doesn't mean all the wildlife has disappeared. In recent years, some surprising animals have started to reappear amongst the cattle fields and pastures in what was once their traditional prairie habitat. a grizzly bear. And she isn't alone. She has three half-grown cubs with her. These days, grizzlies are a rare sight on the prairie, but it was not always so. When Europeans came here 300 years ago, they were common across the prairies of southern Canada. But the people that settled here thought them dangerous and shot them on sight. By the middle of the last century, grizzlies had been driven to extinction right across the prairies. However, some bears survived on the mountains to the west, occasionally wandering down to the plains. Although much of their diet is plant-based, at certain times of the year, some grizzly bears do kill and eat young livestock. So it's a testament to our changing attitudes that many of the people that live in this region today are willing to explore a new relationship with these amazing animals. for thousands of years, people have lived alongside wildlife in Canada's heartland. And so long as we afford nature the space it needs, it will continue to flourish and to surprise us. The end of the last ice age signalled the birth of modern Canada. But thousands of years later, much of the north is still buried under ice. Since the end of the last ice age, people have shaped and exploited other areas of Canada. But the ice and cold have made the far north seem impenetrable. impenetrable. Few people, or animals, feel at home in the far north. Less than 1% of North American mammals can survive year-round above the treeline. Ice defines the Arctic. And what happens to ice here will influence the entire planet. Ice suits one creature more than any other in the Arctic. The polar bear. This mother built her den in the frozen ground and gave birth to a pair of cubs over the winter. She hasn't eaten for eight months. She's lost almost half her body weight and relies on a double-layer coat of fur to keep warm. She needs to find food soon. But she'll have to wait until her cubs are confident enough to travel long distances. They have no immediate worries as their mother will nurse them for around two years. So for now, they can explore and play. The ice that will become their greatest ally is at first strange and new. [02:38:20] Speaker ?: and new and new and new in early spring [02:38:49] Speaker 1: In early spring, this family will travel hundreds of kilometers to reach hunting grounds before the breakup of the sea ice. Polar bears have a huge variety of ways to hunt seals but they all rely on the sea ice. To anyone who hasn't spent their life here Arctic ice appears to be a single entity. In fact, it takes many different forms both on land and sea. Varying massively in age consistency and behavior. Some communities in the north have 70 different words to describe sea ice even more than they have for snow. Ice can be many different things from gigantic glaciers to the smallest crystals and some ice behaves in astonishing ways. with the right conditions one of the Arctic's secret ice wonders starts to grow. They are called frost flowers. Beautiful patterns of ice form on the frozen surface of the sea when temperatures suddenly plummet. No one knows for sure why they form but scientists know that they contain a high concentration of bacteria the essence of life. [02:40:56] Speaker ?: only hours after they appear [02:40:59] Speaker 1: their intricate structures start to fade their intricate structures start to fade leaving no trace behind see ice is almost always [02:41:15] Speaker ?: influx. [02:41:15] Speaker 1: Under the right conditions it can fleetingly attract a concentration of life but at other times the ice seems to form an endless wilderness and can be desolate and life-threatening particularly particularly for us humans drifting pack ice and icebergs can easily crush huge ships in minutes but this didn't stop early explorers being fascinated by the Arctic in the 19th century there were dozens of European explorers trying to find the mythical Northwest Passage a route from the Atlantic through the Arctic to the Pacific no one ever made it and the sailors became terrified of the Arctic Ocean and with good reason just two minutes in the freezing water could kill a man the British were especially desperate to conquer the area in 1845 John Franklin was handed the last and most notorious mission to break through and finally rule the vast inhospitable area of the North [02:43:24] Speaker ?: they thought [02:43:24] Speaker 1: their expertise was more advanced than any locals could offer so they went fully stocked taking everything they might need believing there [02:43:36] Speaker ?: was no way [02:43:36] Speaker 1: of finding food in such a cold [02:43:38] Speaker ?: place [02:43:38] Speaker 1: they loaded 15 tons of canned food the latest [02:43:43] Speaker ?: technology [02:43:43] Speaker 1: it was enough to last them over three [02:43:47] Speaker ?: years [02:43:47] Speaker 1: over three [02:43:48] Speaker ?: years [02:43:48] Speaker 1: what they didn't realize is there's always plenty of food to find in the Arctic if you only know where to look the Inuit have exceptional understanding of local ice conditions this patch of sea ice near the northeastern edge of Quebec seems barren but it actually contains a precious bounty of food people are able to exploit but this is no ordinary piece of sea ice seen from the level of the frozen sea it looks as if cliffs are climbing up into the sky but this illusion is created by the largest tides in the world which is still flowing underneath the ice when the tide comes back in the temporary ice cliffs vanish once again this is a landscape that appears to breathe the ice has claimed many lives as the force of 16-meter tides creates death traps when the ice cracks but these tides also offer hidden opportunities with all other traditional food sources hard to find in February these hunters brave the minus 40 temperatures and head out to sea they know that at the lowest tides the sea under the thick ice retreats so far back that if you know what to look for you can find stable hollow spaces under the ice [02:46:24] Speaker ?: this gives them [02:46:29] Speaker 1: access to the rich bounty of the seabed knowledge that has been passed down from generation to generation generation they're willing to risk [02:46:48] Speaker ?: the danger [02:46:48] Speaker 1: of tons of ice just centimeters above their heads and ice starting to melt melt all for an unlikely source of nutritious food thousands of rich mussels enough to feed all their families [02:47:03] Speaker 3: they have less than an hour [02:47:15] Speaker 1: to collect them before the tide returns the tide returns when the tide returns [02:47:18] Speaker 3: the tide returns [02:47:19] Speaker ?: the sea starts to come back [02:47:23] Speaker 3: there's no time to lose [02:47:49] Speaker 1: they need to leave now before the cave fills with seawater and becomes deadly in moments the ice seals over and there's no trace of anyone having been there like the Inuit the animals that live year-round in the Arctic also know how to exploit local conditions to find hidden food even though sea ice that forms over winter will be one or two meters thick [02:48:43] Speaker ?: by spring [02:48:43] Speaker 1: there are also places where the current and winds keep the water open called Polinius they act like oasis in the desert and are magnets for animals in the middle of the vast Hudson Bay common eider ducks are drawn to one of these patches of open water to find food they appear to fly as they dive to depths [02:49:14] Speaker ?: of 15 meters to forage on the ocean floor [02:49:20] Speaker 1: they appear to fly as they dive to depths of 15 meters to forage on the ocean floor they are looking for mussels they are looking for mussels and urchins their digestive juices are so powerful that they can eat the mussels shells and all they can dive a long way on a single breath knowing the way back up only takes seconds in the deep winter with a wind chill that makes it feel like minus 70 the opening in the sea ice is starting to close in without open water the birds have a slim chance of survival the stronger birds sense what's happening and fly off to find new water even though the distance they need to travel may be life-threatening but to stay is also risky the temperature needs to rise to keep the water open at some indefinable point the ducks options [02:50:57] Speaker ?: are gone [02:51:00] Speaker 1: their energy is fading they can't even dive to get food sadly for the ducks the march of the ice here is unstoppable and it turned out the sea ice was also not forgiving with a franklin team and it turned out [02:51:39] Speaker ?: the sea ice was also not forgiving with a franklin team and it turned out the sea ice was also not forgiving with a franklin team and it turned out to be a franklin team and it turned out to be a franklin team and it turned out to be a franklin team and it turned out to be a franklin team and it turned out to be a franklin team [02:51:56] Speaker 1: and it turned out to be a franklin team and it turned out to be a franklin team and it turned out to be a franklin team and it turned out to be a franklin team and it turned out to be a franklin team and it turned out to be a franklin team and it turned out to be a franklin team and it turned out [02:52:11] Speaker ?: to be a franklin team [02:52:12] Speaker 1: and during their first winter they knew there would be ice bound unbeknown to them they had fatally chosen the wrong route like previous expeditions they were relying on the spring melt to set them free again except on this occasion that was never to happen winter's grip eventually loosens by April the sun is back for many hours each day and the land gradually warms the rise in temperature triggers the spring melt a period of frenetic change and activity [02:53:48] Speaker ?: and activity [02:53:48] Speaker 1: in the Arctic it happens at the flow edge the boundary between the open water and the sea ice it's the ice that is the key to the blooming of life here at this time of year long strands of algae grow which feed vast blooms of microscopic plankton the food for an explosion of life here each spring under the ice there's double the productivity than in the open ocean fish [02:54:45] Speaker ?: fish [02:54:45] Speaker 1: like the Arctic cod seabirds and larger mammals like the seal are drawn in in a matter of weeks this seemingly desolate frozen sea has become a hot spot for life thick-billed myrrh arrived from the south sensing the rise in temperature they know they're safe [02:55:27] Speaker ?: here [02:55:27] Speaker 1: on the sea but they struggle to land with poise [02:55:31] Speaker ?: polar bears [02:55:52] Speaker 1: are arriving at the flow edge just at the right time of time they know there's plenty of food on offer this male has seen the vast numbers of myrrh and ever the opportunist comes to investigate one injured myrrh is on the ice and has lost the power of flight all it can do is walk away from the approaching bear but the bear's sense of smell brings him closer the camouflage that works so well on the dark water is useless on the snow although the bear does spot the bird this time he's after more substantial prey he's come to the flow edge to hunt ringed seals seals seals are most vulnerable when basking on the sea ice so they choose open areas where they can keep an eye and a nose out for approaching predators the polar bear goes hungry again [02:57:45] Speaker ?: nine out of every ten hunts ends in fate the polar bear goes hungry [02:57:52] Speaker 1: the polar bear goes hungry [02:57:54] Speaker ?: again [02:57:54] Speaker 1: nine out of every ten hunts ends in failure but the polar bear already stops looking for food and there's plenty around here polar bears polar bears aren't the only big predators who've come to the flow edge to find seals with harpoon ready an Inuit hunter patiently waits perfectly still by a seal hole the approach is so similar to the bears that it's easy to assume that polar bear originally inspired the Inuit thousands of years ago thousands of years ago thousands of years ago Today, this seal isn't for the hunter. [02:59:26] Speaker 2: It's destined for the pack of dogs that brought him out here. [02:59:41] Speaker 1: The meat is so rich and nutritious that it will keep the dogs happy for days. This bear has finally succeeded in getting a seal, but he's gone about it in a most unusual way. He's found the leftovers of the dog's dinner in the heart of the hunter's camp, much to the dog's frustration. The bear has to build up enough fat reserves to last throughout the summer, as hunting will become much harder when the sea ice melts. A mother and two yearling bear cubs arrive at the foot of the cliffs near the flow edge. She's skinny and desperately needs food. The thousands of myrrhs who are starting to nest on the narrow cliff ledges have caught her attention. The hungry mother has headed up the cliff to investigate, taking one cub with her. Later in the year, the bears will feast on myrrh eggs and chicks. But right now, the adult birds are just too hard to reach. The second cub, still on the ice, gets lucky when it finds an injured myrrh. This makes for a small, but much-needed meal. Up at the top of the cliff, the mother and cub are getting nowhere. The hungry cub resorts to eating moss. The lone cub catches up with the rest of its family. And they are happily reunited. [03:02:57] Speaker ?: And on these slippery slopes, what goes up, must come down. [03:03:09] Speaker 1: And on these slippery slopes, what goes up, must come down. [03:03:23] Speaker ?: At the bottom, the interest in the myrrhs finally pays off. [03:03:36] Speaker 1: The mother is able to feed as well. She needs to eat as she is still providing milk for the cubs. She needs to eat as she is still providing milk for the cubs. [03:04:04] Speaker ?: She needs to feed as well. She needs to feed as well. She needs to feed as well. She needs to feed as well. She needs to feed as well. She needs to feed as well. She needs to feed as well. She needs to feed as well. She needs to feed as well. She needs to feed as well. [03:04:27] Speaker 1: This tight family unit will stay together until next year. And then the cubs will head off and fend for themselves. As spring continues, the sea ice starts to disintegrate. Even for the Inuit, this ice is much more unpredictable now than in years gone by. The dogs sense the thickness and stability of the ice through their paws, providing much more protection than riding on a snowmobile. So, gradually, the speed of the breakup accelerates. Life for those who depend on the ice becomes more precarious. [03:06:04] Speaker ?: Of course, it's more difficult for the ice. [03:06:18] Speaker 1: With rising temperatures, the fragmentation continues, creating long passages between ice sheets called leads. The magical narwhal, with its spiraled, elongated tooth, has been waiting for this moment. With no dorsal fin, they're perfectly adapted to the Arctic. They can dive under and through the ice the moment it starts to disintegrate. They're heading up long inlets to find a safe place to raise their calves. This break-up signals the start of the short but intense Arctic summer, where 24-hour sunlight and rising temperatures will transform the landscape. More than half of all the sea ice in the Arctic melts each summer. More than half of all the sea ice in the Arctic melts each summer. It's the largest annual transformation on the entire planet. The summer's heat also triggers a huge change in land on the tundra. As the snow melts, female caribou migrate hundreds of kilometers to their carving grounds in the far north. More than half of all females will give birth within a few days of each other. It's a way of protecting the herd from predators. It's a way of protecting the herd from predators. It's a way of protecting the herd from predators. This year the summer melt has come early. So the river current is strong. Soft snow makes it hard for the pregnant caribou to get out. But these are some of the most resilient animals on earth. And they keep on going. [03:09:38] Speaker ?: They keep on going. [03:09:51] Speaker 1: On one of the longest days of the year, the mothers start to give birth. Within minutes, a newborn calf is up on its feet. Within hours, they walk well. And within days, they can keep up with their mother over long distances. [03:10:38] Speaker 4: There's a way of protecting the herd from the tundra. [03:11:00] Speaker 1: Fresh vegetation grows vigorously with a 24-hour sunlight. And gives the mother enough energy to produce milk. Today, across the Arctic, caribou numbers are falling dramatically. Variability in the timings of the summer melts and winter freeze-up doesn't help, as their finely tuned body clocks are out of sync with the new seasons. At the height of this most productive time, they share the tundra with lots of other species. But with no trees, nesting birds are vulnerable to predators. Like the Arctic fox. [03:12:01] Speaker 2: Canada geese make themselves big and threatening. [03:12:26] Speaker 1: But the fox is not actually after the birds. The fox buries the egg, knowing that harder times may soon lie ahead. It can return to the exact spot at any time for a ready meal, when there's less easy prey about. In the Arctic, it's all about reaping the rewards when they're on offer. In the 19th century, the ill-fated Franklin team failed to find local food. But they thought they could live off the supplies they brought with them. All they wanted to do was continue their journey. But when the spring and summer came, the ice never melted. And their ships didn't move. They had chosen a particularly bad bay to be caught in over winter. They eventually starved when their food ran out. And none of the 129 men survived. If the Franklin team met local Inuits, they didn't heed any advice about how to survive that. If asked, the Inuits would have been able to provide some clues about gathering food in the summer. For centuries, they gathered eggs to eat. These large ones are from the eider duck, the same bird that struggled to survive in the ice over winter. The Inuit also hunted the ducks for their incredibly insulated skins that they would sew together with sinew to make warm cloaks. Today, the Inuit are resourceful in intriguing new ways. They take the warmest feather in the world, eider down, most commonly known from pillows and duvets. They leave enough to keep the eggs warm. And the mother duck will shed more down from close to her skin to build up the nest again. The down will be used as stuffing for overcoats. At the end of the warm season, this community are well prepared to be able to hunt over winter. The collection of feathers takes a few minutes and no birds are killed. So the eider ducks are less disturbed than they used to be. Recently, the summer sea ice has been disappearing at a faster rate than anyone could imagine. We don't yet know how these changes will affect some life here. Although walrus use ice to rest on, they also love to bask on rocks in the summer sun. Woolruss are bottom feeders, they shoot out water from their mouths to excavate clams. Sensitive bristles help find them in the muddy seabed. Then, they suck them out with their vast, rubbery lips. It's harder for some Arctic animals to adapt to their changing world than others. As the ice season gets shorter, polar bears have less time to hunt. During the longer, warmer summers, their metabolism slows right down to conserve energy. Some bears, who didn't catch enough seals, eat seaweed to fill their stomachs. Others pluck individual berries off thorny bushes. But these are meager pickings and provide nowhere near enough calories for a hungry bear. A few ingenious bears in northern Quebec have worked out that the Arctic char, a fish like salmon, can be found here at this time of year. The fish can't survive in the icy winter ocean, so they all return inland before it gets too cold. The fish can't survive in the sea. [03:18:48] Speaker ?: The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. [03:19:17] Speaker 1: The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. [03:19:20] Speaker ?: The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. [03:19:25] Speaker 1: The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. [03:19:29] Speaker 2: The fish can't survive in the sea. [03:19:30] Speaker ?: The fish can't survive in the sea. [03:19:31] Speaker 1: The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. [03:19:39] Speaker ?: The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. The fish can't survive in the sea. [03:20:17] Speaker 1: At last, this bear gets a meal with some protein. For the polar bears that stayed at the coast, the ice cannot return fast enough. At the height of the summer in the Canadian Arctic, thousands of beluga whales head to Somerset Island for a seasonal gathering. The narwhal, they're adopted for a life in the Arctic. They don't have a dorsal fin. And they have a huge amount of blubber, up to 50% of their body weight. But they haven't come here to feed. They're here for an equivalent of a health spa. This shallow estuary contains a mix of fresh and sea water, which is warmer than the open ocean. The water and the gravel allows them to have a body scrub, which helps get rid of their old skin. They appear to love it. But the beluga can't relax too much. They face new threats as a result of the changing summer conditions. Killer whales have traditionally found it hard to hunt in these icy waters due to their massive dorsal fin, often taller than an adult human. They aren't able to travel far under the sea ice because their dorsal fin could get in the way of them getting to the air at the surface. Today, as more of the sea ice is melting each summer, they appear to be increasing in number. Coming in from the Atlantic specifically to hunt large marine mammals like beluga and narble. Many feel they're fast becoming the polar region's new top predator. Although polar bears can swim vast distances, hunting in an ice-free ocean is virtually impossible. The northern frozen landscape that used to suit the bears perfectly is now melting faster than anyone could have predicted. This is the dawn of a new age for the Arctic. Much of the long-term ice, some of it hundreds of thousands of years old, is starting to melt. In as little as 20 years, the summer in the Arctic Ocean may be completely ice-free. And the irony is, people have unknowingly created these new conditions. If the Franklin crew had undertaken their mission to sail to the open water of the Pacific today, they undoubtedly would have succeeded. The Arctic waters, where they got stuck, are now ice-free every summer. The open ocean is giving Canadian researchers more opportunities now to find the exact whereabouts of Franklin sunken boats. From coast to coast, people have always transformed the environments of wild Canada. But the largest change of all is happening in the one area thought too removed, and too extreme, to be altered by humans. The largest alteration of the Arctic in the last million years is unfolding right before our eyes. With inevitable winners and losers. At key points in history, the Arctic has been connected with exploration and discovery. At the end of the last ice age, when people and animals came into the continent. At the time of Franklin's attempt to reach the Pacific. And today, where we find a new global frontier opening up. [03:27:18] Speaker ?: The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier. The Arctic is a new global frontier.