PBS News Hour full episode, June 4, 2026

[0:03] Good evening. I'm Amna Nawaz. Jeff Bennett is on assignment. [0:06] On the NewsHour tonight, President Trump's limits are tested after some Republicans in Congress [0:12] push back, with immigration enforcement funding on the line. A new proposal could give Trump [0:18] officials more control over scientific research grants if they don't align with the president's [0:23] agenda. DONALD TRUMP, President of the United States, President of the United States, [0:25] I do not want a political appointee making the decisions as to not only what science will we [0:31] pursue but what that scientific outcome is. AND COLLEGE GRADUATES BEGIN THEIR JOB SEARCH [0:37] IN A WORLD BEING TRANSFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. [0:41] MAJOR FUNDING FOR THE PBS NEWSHOUR HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY OUR ECONOMY FOR 160 YEARS, [1:22] BNSF, THE ENGINE THAT CONNECTS US. THE GORDON AND BETTY MOORE FOUNDATION, [1:28] ESTABLISHED TO CREATE POSITIVE OUTCOMES FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS. AND FRIENDS OF THE NEWSHOUR, [1:35] INCLUDING ROBERT S. KAPLAN AND WENDY J. SELBIN THROUGH THE RAYMOND JAMES CHARITABLE [1:40] ENDOWMENT FUND AND WITH THE ONGOING SUPPORT OF THESE INDIVIDUALS AND INSTITUTIONS. [2:14] THIS PROGRAM WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY THE CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS STATION [2:18] FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU. THANK YOU. WELCOME TO THE NEWSHOUR. [2:26] THE SENATE IS IN THE MIDST OF VOTING ON $72 BILLION OF FRESH FUNDING FOR BORDER PATROL [2:32] AND IMMIGRATION AND CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT. THE PACKAGE HAS BEEN HELD UP FOR MONTHS [2:36] SINCE FEDERAL AGENTS KILLED TWO U.S. CITIZENS PROTESTING IMMIGRATION CRACKDOWNS IN MINNESOTA. [2:41] IT STALLED AGAIN WHEN THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION PROPOSED NEARLY $2 BILLION FOR HIS SO-CALLED [2:47] ANTI-WEAPONIZATION FUND, WHICH COULD COMPENSATE JANUARY 6th RIOTERS. [2:51] AMENDMENT VOTES ARE EXPECTED TO RUN WELL INTO THE NIGHT, BUT IT'S STILL UNCLEAR AT THIS HOUR [2:56] WHETHER REPUBLICAN LEADERS WILL ULTIMATELY BE ABLE TO WRANGLE ENOUGH VOTES TO PASS THE MEASURE. [3:01] CONGRESSIONAL CORRESPONDENT LISA DESJARDAN IS HERE WITH THE LATEST ON THAT MEASURE AND THE OTHER [3:05] CAPITOL HILL DEBATES DRIVING A WEDGE BETWEEN LEGISLATIVE LEADERS AND PRESIDENT DONALD TRUMP. [3:10] LISA, IT'S GOOD TO SEE YOU. GOOD TO SEE YOU. [3:11] SO WHERE DOES THINGS STAND RIGHT NOW WHEN IT COMES TO FUNDING FOR ICE AND THIS ANTI-WEAPONIZATION FUND? [3:16] AFTER EIGHT MONTHS, IT DOES LOOK LIKE THE ICE FUNDING IS LUMBERING PERHAPS TOWARD PASSAGE TONIGHT ON [3:21] THE SENATE FLOOR, BUT THE PROCESS IS TEDIOUS. AS YOU CAN SEE, THIS IS THAT PROCESS CALLED VOTARAMA. [3:27] IT IS DEFINITELY NOT AS FUN AS THAT INDICATES. IT IS REALLY MORE OF A STAIRDOWN, [3:32] A PROCESS OF EXHAUSTING SENATORS THROUGH AN ENDLESS SERIES OF AMENDMENTS. [3:36] BUT I AM TOLD IT COULD END AS SOON AS TONIGHT ON THE FLOOR. [3:40] NOW, IN THIS DEBATE, THE TWO PARTIES ARE NOT JUST DIVIDED, AMNA. [3:44] THEY REALLY ARE HAVING TWO SEPARATE DEBATES. FIRST OF ALL, FOR REPUBLICANS, [3:48] THIS IS ABOUT THE ICE FUNDING, ABOUT THE BORDER, AND ABOUT WHAT THEY SAY IS A DEBATE OVER SECURITY [3:54] ITSELF. [3:56] WHAT YOU GET IS A SECURE BORDER VERSUS A BROKEN BORDER. [4:00] WHAT YOU GET IS ICE BEING ABLE TO DO ITS JOB, INSTEAD OF BEING CLOSED FOR BUSINESS. [4:06] TO MY DEMOCRATIC COLLEAGE, YOU'RE ON THE WRONG SIDE OF THIS ISSUE. YOU WILL FIND OUT IN NOVEMBER. [4:10] BUT DEMOCRATS DISAGREE. [4:12] FOR THEM, THIS IS STILL ABOUT ICE CONDUCT, WHAT YOU JUST REPORTED. [4:15] BUT IT IS ALSO SPECIFICALLY ABOUT THE PRESIDENT'S ANTI-WEAPONIZATION FUND. [4:19] HIS ATTORNEY GENERAL, HIS ACTING ATTORNEY GENERAL, SAID THAT IT'S NOT MOVING FORWARD. [4:23] BUT DEMOCRATS DON'T TRUST THAT. THEY THINK IT NEEDS TO BE CODIFIED AND PUT INTO LAW NOW. [4:29] DO WE BELIEVE, DO ANY OF US BELIEVE THAT DONALD TRUMP, WHO HAS LIED TO US DAY IN AND DAY OUT, [4:37] WILL BE ABLE TO RESIST GETTING HIS STICKY FINGERS IN THE SLUSH FUND WHEN IT WOULD BENEFIT HIMSELF AND HIS FAMILIES? [4:43] SO THEY ARE PUSHING FOR A LAW TO BAN IT. [4:46] WHY ARE DEMOCRATS PUSHING FOR THAT IN A SEPARATE ICE FUNDING BILL? [4:50] THE ANSWER IS ACTUALLY SIMPLE, BECAUSE THEY CAN. [4:53] THIS SPECIAL PROCESS ALLOWS THEM TO DO THAT. [4:55] INTERESTINGLY ENOUGH, AMNA, REPUBLICANS, MANY OF THEM TELL ME, THEY ALSO WANT TO HAVE SOMETHING CODIFIED [5:01] TO OUTLAW THIS KIND OF THING, INCLUSING LINDSAY GRAHAM, WHO I JUST SPOKE WITH. [5:05] YOU HEARD FROM HIM THERE ON THE FLOOR. [5:06] HE SAYS HE'S OPEN TO SOMETHING LIKE THAT, AND HE THINKS THE PRESIDENT MIGHT BE ABLE TO ACCEPT IT. [5:11] SO WE'LL WATCH CAREFULLY. [5:12] WE'LL WATCH AND SEE. [5:13] SEPARATELY, LISA, I HAVE TO ASK YOU. [5:14] PRESIDENT TRUMP RECEIVED WHAT'S PROBABLY THE STRONGEST REBUKE YET FROM CONGRESS [5:19] YESTERDAY, WHEN THE HOUSE VOTED TO END THE WAR IN IRAN. [5:22] WHAT HAPPENED AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN? [5:23] THAT'S RIGHT. [5:24] THIS WAS SIGNIFICANT ON THE HOUSE FLOOR, A VOTE OF 215 TO 208 TO BLOCK THE PRESIDENT'S [5:30] ACTIONS IN A WAR, AN ASSERTION OF CONGRESS'S WAR POWER ALTOGETHER. [5:34] HOW DID IT HAPPEN? [5:35] WELL, FOUR REPUBLICANS JOINED WITH DEMOCRATS, THERE THEY ARE RIGHT THERE, TO VOTE TO BLOCK [5:41] THAT WAR AND BLOCK ANY MORE ACTION IN IRAN. [5:44] FOR NOW, HOUSE REPUBLICAN LEADERS ARE HOLDING ON TO THAT BILL. [5:47] IT'S A CERTAIN KIND OF RESOLUTION, A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION. [5:50] TO BECOME LAW, IT WOULD ALSO NEED SENATE PASSAGE AND THE PRESIDENT TO NOT VETO IT. [5:55] WE DO EXPECT THE SENATE TO HOLD A DIFFERENT VOTE ON IRAN IN COMING WEEKS. [5:59] BUT THIS WAS A VERY STRONG STATEMENT WHETHER OR NOT IT LEADS TO ANY CHANGES IN MORE POLICY. [6:05] ANOTHER QUESTION WE KNOW SENATORS ARE GOING TO FACE SOON. [6:06] THE PRESIDENT SAID HE'S GOING TO NOMINATE TO ACT ON A PERMANENT BASIS AS ATTORNEY GENERAL. [6:11] THE CURRENT ACTING ATTORNEY GENERAL, TODD BLANCH, WHAT DO WE THINK WILL HAPPEN? [6:15] YEAH, MR. BLANCH HAS HAD A LOT OF FACE TIME WITH SENATORS LATELY OVER THAT [6:18] ANTI-WEAPONIZATION FUND THAT IS NOT POPULAR WITH REPUBLICANS. [6:21] NOW, RIGHT NOW, THERE ARE SENATORS TELLING ME BEHIND THE SCENES THAT THEY HAVE DOUBTS WITH HIM, [6:25] ESPECIALLY BECAUSE OF THAT FUND AND BECAUSE HE WAS THE PERSONAL ATTORNEY TO THE PRESIDENT. [6:29] BUT MORE OF THEM PUBLICLY SAY THEY FAVOR HIM. [6:32] ONE SAID THEY THOUGHT THIS MAN, THEIR FELLOW SENATOR ERIC SCHMIDT, WAS GOING TO BE THE NOMINEE. [6:37] SO THAT'S ANOTHER SORT OF PAUSE FOR SENATORS. [6:40] BUT I THINK IN THE END IT REMINDS ME OF WHEN PERHAPS PETE HEGSETH WAS NOMINATED AND SENATORS [6:45] HAD A LOT OF PROBLEMS BEHIND THE SCENES. [6:46] BUT IN THE END, TRUMP PUSHED HIM THROUGH. [6:49] THIS COULD GO EITHER WAY, BUT I SEE THE WINDS BLOWING IN TODD BLANCH'S DIRECTION. [6:53] ALL RIGHT, LISA DESJARDINS, COVERING IT ALL AS USUAL. LISA, THANK YOU. [6:57] YOU'RE WELCOME. [6:57] IN THE DAY'S OTHER HEADLINES, PRESIDENT TRUMP'S FORMER NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISOR [7:13] TURNED CRITIC JOHN BOLTON HAS REPORTEDLY AGREED TO PLEAD GUILTY TO ONE FELONY COUNT [7:19] OF ILLEGALLY RETAINING CLASSIFIED INFORMATION. [7:22] THE DEAL WOULD SETTLE A CRIMINAL CASE THAT BURST INTO PUBLIC VIEW WHEN FBI AGENTS [7:26] RAIDED HIS MARYLAND HOME AND WASHINGTON, D.C. OFFICE. [7:29] OFFICIALS SAY HE HELD ON TO SENSITIVE DIARY-LIKE NOTES THAT HE PLANNED TO USE FOR A MEMOIR. [7:35] IF THE DEAL IS APPROVED BY A JUDGE, BOLTON COULD EITHER FACE NO PRISON TIME OR UP TO FIVE [7:40] YEARS IN CUSTODY, PLUS MORE THAN $2 MILLION IN FINES. [7:44] U.S. OFFICIALS SAID TODAY THERE IS NO THREAT OF MASS INFESTATION FROM A FLESH-EATING INSECT [7:51] THAT'S BEEN DETECTED IN LIVESTOCK IN TEXAS. AUTHORITIES SAY THE NEW WORLD SCREW WORM WAS FOUND IN A [7:57] THREE-WEEK-OLD CALF IN SOUTH TEXAS, BUT THAT NO OTHER CASES HAVE BEEN CONFIRMED SO FAR. [8:02] IT'S THE FIRST TIME IN DECADES IT'S BEEN DETECTED IN THE U.S. [8:06] AT A HEARING ON CAPITOL HILL, AGRICULTURE SECRETARY BROKE ROLLINS STRESSED THE THREAT TO LIVESTOCK [8:11] PRODUCTION DID NOT MEAN A THREAT TO THE FOOD SUPPLY. [8:14] WE ARE USING EVERY TOOL AT OUR DISPOSAL TO ELIMINATE THIS THREAT TO OUR LIVESTOCK PRODUCERS AND TO OUR [8:20] NATIONAL SECURITY, AND WE WILL ACTIVELY KEEP YOU UPDATED. THANKFULLY, THIS PEST DOES NOT REPRESENT [8:28] ANY SORT OF CHALLENGE TO OUR FOOD SAFETY, AND THAT'S A REALLY IMPORTANT MESSAGE. [8:32] THE NEW WORLD SCREW WORM IS A PARASITIC FLY THAT AFFECTS LIVESTOCK, PETS AND WILDLIFE, [8:39] AND IN RARE CASES PEOPLE, THOUGH OFFICIALS SAY THERE'S NO CURRENT THREAT TO HUMANS. [8:44] HEZBOLAH REJECTED THE LATEST CEASE-FIRE AGREEMENT BETWEEN ISRAEL AND LEBANON TODAY, [8:49] AND INSTEAD CALLED FOR A COMPLETE ISRAELI WITHDRAWAL FROM LEBANON. [8:53] SMOKE BILLOWED FROM ISRAELI STRIKES IN SOUTHERN LEBANON TODAY THAT KILLED AT LEAST FOUR PEOPLE. [8:58] A U.N. PEACE KEEPER WAS ALSO KILLED IN THE CROSSFIRE. [9:01] THE ATTACKS CAME JUST HOURS AFTER ISRAEL AND LEBANON AGREED TO EXTEND THEIR TRUCE DURING TALKS IN [9:07] WASHINGTON THAT DIDN'T INCLUDE HEZBOLAH. BUT SPEAKING TO REPORTERS TODAY, [9:11] PRESIDENT TRUMP SAID HE BELIEVED HEZBOLAH WANTED TO FIND AN END TO THE FIGHTING. [9:15] I THINK HEZBOLAH, I WILL TELL YOU, THEY CALLED US AND THEY SAID, HOW ABOUT STOPPING? [9:21] AND I THINK YOU'RE GOING TO SEE THINGS HAPPEN OVER THERE. THAT'S BEEN LIKE A LITTLE BIT OF A DIFFERENT [9:27] WORLD, BUT IT'S INTERCONNECTED WITH IRAN. AND IT WOULD BE REALLY NICE IF LEBANON COULD HAVE SOME PEACE. [9:33] MEANTIME, IN GAZA, HEALTH OFFICIALS SAY A SERIES OF ISRAELI AIR STRIKES KILLED AT LEAST TEN PEOPLE [9:40] OVER THE LAST DAY. ONE STRIKE HOLLOWED OUT ENTIRE FLOORS OF AN APARTMENT BUILDING IN GAZA CITY. [9:45] FAMILIES BEGAN BURIAL PREPARATIONS TODAY. THE VICTIMS INCLUDED TWO WOMEN AND TWO CHILDREN. [9:52] A COURT IN COLORADO REVERSED THE HOMICIDE CONVICTIONS TODAY FOR TWO PARAMEDICS [9:57] WHO'D BEEN SENTENCED IN THE OVERDOSE DEATH OF ELIJAH MCLANE. [10:00] THE 23-YEAR-OLD BLACK MAN HAD BEEN FORCIBLY RESTRAINED BY POLICE AS HE WALKED HOME FROM [10:05] A CONVENIENCE STORE IN 2019. THE PARAMEDICS INJECTED HIM WITH KETAMINE AND WERE FOUND GUILTY [10:11] OF CRIMINALLY NEGLIGENT HOMICIDE AFTER A TRIAL IN 2023. TODAY'S RULING SENS THEIR CASES BACK [10:17] TO A LOWER COURT. MCLANE'S FINAL WORDS, I CAN'T BREATHE, FORESHADOWED THOSE OF GEORGE FLOYD A YEAR LATER [10:24] AND HELPED FUEL PUBLIC ANGER OVER POLICE TACTICS ACROSS THE NATION. TENS OF THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE [10:30] HAVE BEEN GETTING A SNEAK PEEK AT THE OBAMA PRESIDENTIAL CENTER IN CHICAGO. [10:34] THE FACILITY OFFICIALLY OPENS ON JUNETEENTH, BUT FRIENDS, STUDENTS AND JOURNALISTS HAVE BEEN [10:39] STROLING THE NEARLY 20-ACRE CAMPUS THIS WEEK. THE $850 MILLION PROJECT REFLECTS THE LIFE AND LEGACY [10:46] OF THE NATION'S 44TH COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF AND FIRST BLACK PRESIDENT. IT INCLUDES A REPLICA OF THE [10:52] OVAL OFFICE FROM HIS TIME IN OFFICE, A COLLECTION OF FORMER FIRST LADY MICHELLE OBAMA'S GOWNS, [10:57] AND A FULL-SIZE BASKETBALL COURT, REFLECTING ONE OF MR. OBAMA'S FAVORITE PASTTIMES. [11:03] STOCKS ON WALL STREET ENDED MIX TODAY AMID A FALL IN OIL PRICES. THE DOW JONES INDUSTRIAL AVERAGE [11:09] JUMPED NEARLY 900 POINTS, BUT THE NASDAQ POSTED A MODEST LOSS OF ABOUT 20 POINTS. IN THE MEANTIME, [11:15] THE S&P 500 ROSE FOR A TENTH TIME IN 11 SESSIONS. AND THE FRENCH IRANIAN AUTHOR AND FILMMAKER [11:22] MARJAN SATRAPI HAS DIED. SHE WAS BEST KNOWN FOR HER GRAPHIC NOVEL SERIES, [11:27] PERSEPOLIS, BASED ON HER OWN COMING OF AGE IN TEHRAN AFTER THE ISLAMIC REVOLUTION. [11:32] IT WAS LATER ADAPTED INTO AN OSCAR-NOMINATED FILM DIRECTED BY SATRAPI. [11:37] SHE SPOKE WITH THE NEWSHOUR'S JEFFREY BROWN IN 2012 ON TELLING COMPLEX STORIES ABOUT IRANIAN PEOPLE. [11:43] UNFORTUNATELY IRAN IS REDUCED TO VEIL AND BEARD AND NUCLEAR WEAPON. [11:51] THE PROBLEM WHEN WE REDUCE PEOPLE TO OR A COUNTRY TO A NOTION, THEN THEY BECOME ABSTRACT. [11:58] AND FROM THE SECOND THEY STOP BEING HUMAN BEINGS, THEN WE CAN GO AND BOMB THEM AND KILL THEM. [12:02] SHE ALSO WROTE THE GRAPHIC NOVEL CHICKEN WITH PLUMS AND DIRECTED THE MARIE CURI BIOPIC [12:08] RADIOACTIVE, STARRING ROSAMAND PIKE. FRENCH PRESIDENT EMMANUEL MACRAN CALLED SATRAPI [12:13] AN ARTIST DEVOTED TO FREEDOM, WHOSE WORK CARRIED A UNIVERSAL MESSAGE. [12:17] HER FAMILY SAID SHE DIED OF SADNESS AFTER THE DEATH OF HER HUSBAND LAST YEAR. [12:22] MARJAN SATRAPI WAS 56 YEARS OLD. STILL TO COME ON THE NEWSHOUR. [12:27] A NEW BOOK OFFERS GUIDANCE FOR YOUNG PEOPLE ENTERING THE WORKFORCE DURING AN UNCERTAIN TIME. [12:32] A MUSICAL PHENOM INTRODUCES AN OLD INSTRUMENT TO NEW AUDIENCES, PLUS MUCH MORE. [12:38] THIS IS THE PBS NEWSHOUR FROM THE DAVID M. RUBENSTEIN STUDIO AT WETA IN WASHINGTON, [12:47] HEADQUARTERS OF PBS NEWS. [12:49] THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION IS PROPOSING A SWEEPING OVERHAUL OF HOW THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT [12:58] AWARDS BILLIONS OF DOLLARS IN RESEARCH GRANTS, GIVING POLITICAL APPOINTEES A MUCH LARGER ROLE IN [13:03] FUNDING DECISIONS. THE ADMINISTRATION ARGUES THESE CHANGES ARE NECESSARY TO STOP WHAT THEY CALL A WOKE AGENDA. [13:10] BUT RESEARCHERS ACROSS MANY FIELDS SAY THIS COULD ALLOW THE ADMINISTRATION TO EFFECTIVELY LIMIT [13:15] AND EXERT MORE CONTROL OVER CRITICAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH. OUR WILLIAM BRANGHAM HAS MORE. [13:20] AMNA, THESE PROPOSED CHANGES, WHICH WERE PUT OUT BY THE OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET, OR OMB, [13:26] CALL FOR NEW CRITERIA TO REVIEW GRANTS, INCLUDING NO FUNDING OR PROMOTING OF DIVERSITY, [13:32] EQUITY, OR INCLUSION. PROJECTS MUST, QUOTE, DEMONSTRABLY ADVANCE THE PRESIDENT'S POLICY PRIORITIES. [13:39] AND IN A MAJOR CHANGE, POLITICAL APPOINTEES, NOT NECESSARILY SUBJECT MATTER EXPERTS, [13:45] WOULD BE REQUIRED TO GIVE THE FINAL OKAY BEFORE MONEY IS AWARDED. [13:50] FOR MORE ON ALL THIS, WE ARE JOINED BY CRAIG MCLANE. HE IS THE FORMER CHIEF SCIENTIST [13:55] AT THE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, [13:58] WHERE HE OVERSAW GRANTS AND AWARDS FLOWING THROUGH THAT AGENCY. [14:02] CRAIG, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR BEING HERE. [14:05] YOU ARE PART OF THIS ORGANIZATION CALLED STAND UP FOR SCIENCE THAT IS [14:10] PUSHING BACK AGAINST THIS, THIS CHANGE. [14:13] HELP US UNDERSTAND WHY THIS WOULD MAKE A DIFFERENCE. [14:15] BECAUSE TO SOME PEOPLE, THEY MIGHT THINK THESE ARE RELATIVELY MINOR CHANGES. [14:20] YOU KNOW, PUTTING A DIFFERENT PERSON AT THE TOP OF THE DECISION-MAKING CHAIN [14:24] DOESN'T SEEM LIKE SUCH A HUGE SHIFT. [14:26] WHY IS THIS SO TROUBLING TO YOU? [14:29] IT'S REMARKABLY TROUBLING BECAUSE, FIRST OFF, [14:31] THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION HAS ALREADY DEMONSTRATED [14:34] ITS ABILITY IN THE PAST TO DISPLACE SCIENTIFIC JUDGMENT [14:38] WITH THEIR OWN POLITICAL PRONOUNCEMENTS. [14:41] ONE OF THEM IS CLIMATE CHANGE, [14:43] BELIEVING THAT IT DOESN'T EXIST WHEN, IN FACT, [14:45] THE EVIDENCE IS CONCLUSIVE THAT CLIMATE CHANGE IS REAL, [14:48] HUMANS ARE CAUSING IT. [14:49] SO THIS IS AN ADMINISTRATION THAT IS QUITE READY TO DISPLACE [14:52] SCIENTIFIC TRUTHS FOR THEIR OWN CONVENIENT INTERPRETATION. [14:56] AND THAT'S REMARKABLY DAMAGING TO THE INTEGRITY OF THE UNITED [15:01] STATES, TO THE SAFETY OF OUR PEOPLE, [15:03] AND TO THE VALUE OF SCIENCE ITSELF. [15:05] I MEAN, OMB, IN THEIR PUTTING OUT [15:08] THEIR STATEMENTS ABOUT THIS, THEY TOLD US TODAY [15:11] THAT THIS, TO THEM, IS ABOUT ELIMINATING [15:14] WASTE, FRAUD, AND ABUSE, [15:15] TRYING TO STOP WOKE FUNDING PROJECTS. [15:19] AND THEY ARGUE ON SOME LEVEL THAT THIS IS THE PREROGATIVE OF ANY [15:24] ADMINISTRATION TO STRESS THE KINDS OF RESEARCH THEY WANT [15:28] AND DEEMPHASIZE OTHERS. [15:29] WHAT DO YOU MAKE ABOUT THAT ARGUMENT? [15:31] PUBLICLY ELECTED OFFICIALS HAVE ALWAYS STATED THEIR PREFERENCE [15:35] FOR WHERE THE SCIENCE ENTERPRISE MIGHT FOCUS. [15:38] AND THEY STATE THAT PREFERENCE BY THE ANNUAL APPROPRIATION, [15:41] THE MONEY THAT CONGRESS PASSES, AND THEN HANDS OVER TO THE FEDERAL AGENCIES. [15:45] AND THOSE FEDERAL AGENCIES ARE POPULATED WITH MERIT-DRIVEN INDIVIDUALS [15:50] WHO THEN MAKE THE JUDGMENTS AS TO WHAT SHOULD BE AWARDED WHERE. [15:53] AND WE ALSO HAVE SEEN THE USE OF PEER REVIEW PANELS WHERE [15:57] NON-FEDERAL INDIVIDUALS, SCIENTISTS, [15:59] COME IN AND EVALUATE PROPOSALS AND THEN MAKE SELECTIONS. [16:02] SO WHAT WE'RE DOING HERE THAT'S VERY DIFFERENT IS WE'RE ASKING [16:06] POLITICAL APPOINTEES, WHO OFTEN DO NOT HAVE THE CREDIBILITY OR EXPERIENCE [16:11] IN THE POSITIONS THAT THEY'RE IN, TO BE MAKING THOSE JUDGMENTS. [16:14] INSTEAD OF THE PEOPLE WHO HAVE SPENT THEIR ENTIRE CAREERS [16:17] IN A POSITION TO GAIN THE KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE [16:19] AS TO WHAT'S THE BEST INVESTMENT SCIENTIFICALLY. [16:22] I DO NOT WANT A POLITICAL APPOINTEE MAKING THE DECISIONS [16:26] AS TO NOT ONLY WHAT SCIENCE WILL WE PURSUE, [16:29] BUT WHAT THAT SCIENTIFIC OUTCOME IS. [16:31] AND THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION HAS REPEATEDLY DEMONSTRATED [16:35] THEY DON'T UNDERSTAND SCIENCE, [16:36] THEY DON'T BELIEVE IN MUCH OF THE SCIENCE, [16:39] HEALTH OR CLIMATE AND OTHER SUBJECTS. [16:41] AND PUTTING PEOPLE LIKE THAT IN THE CONTROL SEAT [16:44] TO DETERMINE WHAT THE SCIENTIFIC ANSWER IS, [16:47] IS UNCONSCIONABLE. [16:49] THIS IS NOT JUST ABOUT CLIMATE WORK, [16:51] THIS IS ACROSS ALL OF GOVERNMENT. [16:53] AND OMB ARGUES THAT THEY SPECIFICALLY [16:56] WANT TO ELIMINATE ANY DEI GRANT MAKING THAT IS GOING ON. [17:02] WHAT IS YOUR SENSE AS TO WHAT THE IMPACT [17:04] OF THAT ELIMINATION WOULD BE? [17:05] IT WOULD NARROW THE FIELD OF PARTICIPANTS. [17:10] I THINK THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION HAS A VERY SENSITIVE TRIPWIRE [17:14] THAT IF ANYONE WHO DOESN'T LOOK LIKE THEIR PERCEIVED MAJORITY [17:18] OF WHITE MALES WINDS UP IN A POSITION OF RESPONSIBILITY [17:22] OR AN ADVANTAGE OR AS A FINANCIAL RECIPIENT AWARDEE, [17:25] THAT THERE MUST BE SOME OTHER REASON THAN THEIR SKILL AND ABILITIES [17:29] TO HAVE FOUND THEMSELVES IN SUCH A PLACE. [17:31] AND THEY'RE DOING IT AGGRESSIVELY BECAUSE I THINK THE NATIONAL SCIENCE [17:34] FOUNDATION, AMONG OTHER AGENCIES, HAD A VERY PROUD AND AGGRESSIVE STANCE [17:38] TO TRY AND OPEN AND WIDEN THE APERTURE OF PARTICIPATION [17:42] OF ALL AMERICANS WITH APPROPRIATE SCIENTIFIC CREDENTIALS. [17:45] I JUST WANT TO READ YOU A STATEMENT THAT OMB GAVE US TODAY [17:49] ABOUT THE RATIONALE FOR THIS. [17:51] THEY WRITE, QUOTE, [17:52] FEDERAL GRANTS WERE ALREADY POLITICIZED BY THE LAST ADMINISTRATION [17:56] TO PROMOTE A FAR LEFT DEI AGENDA. [17:59] FUNDING WENT TO PROJECTS LIKE DRAG SHOWS IN ECUADOR [18:02] AND TRANSGENDER EXPERIMENTS ON MICE. [18:05] THAT ENDS NOW. [18:06] WITH THIS NEW RULE, THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION WILL BRING [18:08] MUCH-NEEDED TRANSPARENCY TO THE GRANT-MAKING PROCESS [18:12] AND ENSURE TAXPAYER DOLLARS ARE SPENT WISELY. [18:16] I SHOULD SAY RESEARCHERS HAVE PUSHED BACK QUITE HARD ON THIS ASSERTION THAT [18:20] THERE WAS ANY RESEARCH TRYING TO TURN MICE TRANSGENDER. [18:23] BUT TO THEIR LARGER ARGUMENT, THEY ARE SAYING THIS IS A CORRECTIVE, [18:28] A NEEDED CORRECTIVE. [18:29] WHAT DO YOU SAY TO THAT? [18:30] I DON'T SEE THIS AS A CORRECTION. [18:32] I SEE THIS AS A REGRESSION OR DEGRADATION [18:36] OF STANDARDS THAT WERE ADVANCED TO MAKE SCIENCE MORE OPEN AND AVAILABLE TO EVERYONE. [18:40] THE FACT THAT THEY DON'T UNDERSTAND WHAT THOSE EXPERIMENTS WERE LIKE [18:44] IS, NUMBER ONE, DISAPPOINTING. [18:45] BUT NUMBER TWO, IF THAT'S THE BEST ANSWER THEY COULD COME UP WITH, [18:48] IT REVEALS THAT THEY DON'T UNDERSTAND SCIENCE. [18:51] BECAUSE THAT'S NOT WHAT THOSE EXPERIMENTS WERE. [18:52] THERE WERE NO TRANSGENDER MICE. [18:55] I WOULD HAVE BEEN MUCH MORE INSPIRED TO HEAR OMB TALK ABOUT THINGS LIKE TRYING TO ECONOMIZE [19:00] AND THE REGULATORY BURDEN ON THE SCIENTIFIC AND ACADEMIC COMMUNITY AND THE LIKES OF THAT. [19:04] BUT THEY HAVE MISSED THAT OPPORTUNITY AND THEY RELY ON THEIR POLITICAL TALKING POINTS. [19:09] ALL RIGHT. [19:09] THAT IS CRAIG MCLANE, THE FORMER CHIEF SCIENCE OFFICER AT NOAA. [19:13] THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR BEING HERE. [19:14] THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR HAVING ME. [19:16] WELL, WE ARE IN COMMENCEMENT SEASON, WHEN GRADUATES LOOK BACK ON THEIR ACCOMPLISHMENTS [19:31] AND LOOK AHEAD TO THEIR FUTURE AMBITIONS. [19:34] BUT SHIFTS IN THE ECONOMY AND THE ANXIETY AROUND IT ARE CHANGING [19:37] HOW THIS GENERATION OF GRADS SEE THEIR PROSPECTS. [19:40] ALI ROGEN HAS MORE ON THAT AS PART OF OUR SERIES, RETHINKING COLLEGE. [19:45] RECENT COLLEGE GRADUATES ARE FACING ONE OF THE MORE DIFFICULT JOB MARKETS IN MANY YEARS. [19:50] THE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE FOR RECENT GRADUATES, BETWEEN THE AGES OF 22 TO 27, [19:55] IS OVER FIVE AND A HALF PERCENT. AND SOME BELIEVE IT'S HIGHER THAN THAT. [19:59] IT'S ABOVE THE NATIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT RATE. [20:02] AND ALL OF THE TALK AND FORECASTING ABOUT A.I. [20:05] WIPING OUT MILLIONS OF JOBS IS SOURING YOUNG ADULTS ON WHAT THEY COULD FACE. [20:09] TAKE A LISTEN TO THIS MONTAGE OF RECENT COMMENCEMENT SPEECHES, [20:12] WHERE A SPEAKER TALKED ABOUT A.I. AND HOW THEY WERE RECEIVED BY STUDENTS. [20:17] LAST DECEMBER, TIME MAGAZINE SELECTED ITS PERSON OF THE YEAR FOR 2025. [20:23] AND THIS TIME IT WAS THE ARCHITECTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. [20:27] INTERESTING. [20:28] THE RISE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IS THE NEXT INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. [20:38] A.I. IS REWRITING PRODUCTION AS WE SIT HERE. [20:52] I KNOW IT. DEAL WITH IT. LIKE I SAID, IT'S A TOOL. [20:57] WE'RE GOING TO TALK TONIGHT ABOUT SOME WAYS OF NAVIGATING THIS MOMENT. [21:03] IT'S THE FOCUS OF A NEW BOOK BY NEW YORK TIMES JOURNALIST JODY CANTER. [21:07] IT'S CALLED HOW TO START DISCOVERING YOUR LIFE'S WORK. [21:10] JODY, WELCOME BACK TO THE NEWSHOUR. [21:12] THANK YOU SO MUCH. [21:13] WE ARE WELL INTO COMMENCEMENT SEASON. [21:16] AND THIS BOOK REALLY CAME OUT OF AN ADDRESS YOU GAVE LAST YEAR, WHERE YOU TALKED TO STUDENTS, [21:23] YOU INTERVIEWED MANY OF THEM BEFORE GIVING YOUR SPEECH, [21:26] ABOUT SOME OF THE FEARS THAT THEY WERE FACING. [21:28] AND SINCE THAT TIME, IT SEEMS LIKE THE CONDITIONS HAVE ONLY GOTTEN WORSE. [21:33] WHAT ARE YOU HEARING FROM STUDENTS NOW ABOUT THEIR WORRIES ABOUT, YOU KNOW, [21:37] GETTING INTO THE JOB MARKET AND REALLY START BEGINNING TO CHART THE REST OF THEIR LIVES? [21:42] ONE OF THE REASONS THEY'RE SO WORRIED, AND ONE OF THE REASONS WHY I THINK MANY OF THEM [21:45] HAVE A NEGATIVE IMPRESSION OF AI, IS THAT THEY ARE BEING SENT A TERRIBLE CULTURAL MESSAGE. [21:53] GRADUATION IS SUPPOSED TO BE A MOMENT OF POSSIBILITY, AND THEY'RE BEING TOLD [21:57] THE AI MOMENT IS GOING TO MAKE YOU SUPERFLUOUS. [22:01] ENTRY-LEVEL WORKERS ARE NOT GOING TO BE NEEDED. [22:04] I THINK, FIRST OF ALL, WE DON'T KNOW THAT THAT'S TRUE. [22:06] AND IT'S ALSO A VERY DAMAGING MESSAGE. [22:09] THE OTHER THING THAT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO SAY IS, MEMO FOR ANYONE WHO HASN'T APPLIED [22:14] FOR A JOB IN A WHILE, THE JOB HIRING PROCESS IS VERY AI-FULED RIGHT NOW, AND IT HAS TURNED [22:21] DIGITAL AND LONELY. [22:23] LOOKING FOR A JOB HAS ALWAYS BEEN STRESSFUL, BUT THESE YOUNG PEOPLE ARE GOING FROM GIGANTIC [22:30] DIGITAL JOB PORTAL TO GIGANTIC DIGITAL JOB PORTAL. [22:33] THEY'RE SEEING THESE LISTINGS THAT MAY OR MAY NOT BE GHOST LISTINGS, MEANING DO THEY EVEN [22:38] REPRESENT REAL JOBS? [22:39] SOME OF THEM ARE BEING INTERVIEWED BY AI INSTEAD OF BEING INTERVIEWED BY REAL PEOPLE. [22:46] SO THEY ARE ENTERING INTO THE WORKFORCE, OR TRYING TO, AND ESSENTIALLY MEETING NOBODY. [22:53] AND THEY SAY THAT THIS IS JUST A DEGRADING AND DEHUMANIZING EXPERIENCE. [22:59] SO THE BOOS DID NOT SURPRISE ME AT ALL. [23:01] BUT THAT SAID, I THINK THERE'S A MORE INTERESTING QUESTION HERE. [23:04] AND THIS IS THE QUESTION I TRY TO ADDRESS IN THE BOOK, WHAT ARE THEY SUPPOSED TO ACTUALLY DO? [23:10] THEY NEED JOBS. [23:11] THEY NEED TO MOVE FORWARD WITH THEIR LIVES. [23:13] SO WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE FOR A YOUNG PERSON TO HAVE A POSITIVE, [23:18] PRODUCTIVE RESPONSE TO THIS VERY INTIMIDATING AND DEGRADING ENVIRONMENT? [23:23] AND YOU OFFER A LOT OF ADVICE ABOUT HOW TO RESPOND TO THIS DEGRADING ENVIRONMENT. [23:27] I DO WANT TO ASK YOU, THOUGH, FIRST, YOU TALK IN THE BOOK ABOUT HOW [23:30] EVERY GENERATION HAS ITS ADVICE THAT EVENTUALLY BECOMES OBSOLATE, [23:36] WHETHER IT'S STUDY JAPANESE OR, YOU KNOW, ONE WORD, PLASTICS. [23:39] SO IN SOME WAYS, IT DOES SEEM LIKE THIS GENERATION IS NO DIFFERENT. [23:42] BUT THEN IN OTHERS, IT SEEMS LIKE THE CONDITIONS ARE MUCH HARDER. [23:46] SO WHERE DO YOU THINK THIS GENERATION LIES IN TERMS OF [23:49] HOW HARD THINGS ARE OVER THE SPECTRUM OF WHEN PEOPLE GRADUATED? [23:55] I THINK WE CAN SAY WHAT WE DO KNOW AND WHAT WE DON'T KNOW. [23:58] WHAT WE DO KNOW IS THAT THERE IS A LONG HISTORY OF PEOPLE BEING TOLD [24:03] EXACTLY WHAT WAS GOING TO HAPPEN IN THE WORKPLACE THAT TURNED OUT TO [24:06] BE WRONG OR MISLEADING. [24:08] AND ALSO THERE'S LIKE A LONG HISTORY OF CONVENTIONAL [24:10] WISDOM ABOUT THE THING YOU SUPPOSEDLY HAVE TO STUDY. [24:13] WHEN I WAS IN HIGH SCHOOL, IT WAS LEARN JAPANESE. [24:16] WE WERE LITERALLY TOLD THAT THE JAPANESE WERE GOING TO TAKE OVER [24:19] THE WORLD ECONOMY AND THAT WE WERE GOING TO BE LOSERS IF WE WERE NOT [24:24] FLUENT IN JAPANESE. [24:25] WELL, MEANWHILE, THE JAPANESE STOCK MARKET AFTER THAT LANGUISHED FOR 30 YEARS. [24:30] AND THEN THE CONVENTIONAL WISDOM WAS YOU NEED TO LEARN GENETICS. [24:34] AND THEN IT WAS MANDARIN AND THEN IT WAS CODING. [24:37] SO THESE ARE ALL GREAT PURSUITS. [24:40] IF THIS IS YOUR PASSION, OF COURSE YOU SHOULD STUDY IT. [24:42] BUT IS IT AN INFALLUBLE GOLDEN TICKET THAT IS GOING TO EARN YOU [24:49] INSTANT STABILITY? [24:51] OF COURSE NOT. [24:52] SO I WOULD SAY THE FIRST THING WE CAN SAY IS LIKE BEWARE OF CONVENTIONAL [24:57] WISDOM OR ANYBODY WHO PROVESSES TOO MUCH CERTAINTY ABOUT EXACTLY WHAT'S [25:03] GOING TO HAPPEN. [25:04] I THINK THE SECOND THING WE CAN SAY IS THAT IT'S TOO EARLY IN THE GAME [25:10] TO KNOW EXACTLY WHAT'S GOING TO HAPPEN WITH THE FUTURE OF WORK. [25:14] IT'S A REALLY TOUGH HIRING POINT RIGHT NOW. [25:18] AS YOU ALLUDED TO, AI IS NOT THE ONLY REASON. [25:20] IT MAY NOT EVEN BE THE MAJOR REASON. [25:22] I THINK WE ARE SEVERAL YEARS OUT FROM SEEING EXACTLY WHAT THE WORKPLACE [25:28] WILL LOOK LIKE. [25:29] WHETHER AI IS REALLY GOING TO BE A REVOLUTION OR MORE OF A RED HERRING. [25:34] AND FOR THAT REASON, I WANT US TO WORK WITH REALLY TIME-TESTED [25:38] MATERIALS THAT WILL BE DURABLE FOR THIS GENERATION NO MATTER WHAT HAPPENS. [25:43] AND A COUPLE OF THE MATERIALS ARE THE CONCEPTS THAT YOU LAY OUT INCLUDE [25:49] FINDING YOUR CRAFT AND MARRYING IT WITH A NEED THAT'S OUT THERE. [25:53] CAN YOU FLESH THAT OUT FOR US A LITTLE BIT? [25:55] THE BEST CAREERS, THE PEOPLE WHO ARE BOTH HAPPIEST AND MOST [25:59] SUCCESSFUL, I THINK HAVE HARNESSED TWO THINGS, A CRAFT AND A NEED. [26:05] AND I THINK YOU WANT TO LOOK FOR EACH OF THOSE AND PAIR THEM. [26:08] A CRAFT IS A SPECIAL SKILL YOU HAVE THAT OTHER PEOPLE DON'T HAVE. [26:13] SURGERY IS CERTAINLY A CRAFT, BUT SO IS PUTTING TOGETHER AN AMAZING NEWS [26:17] BROADCAST LIKE THIS ONE. [26:19] BAKING CAN BE A CRAFT. [26:20] WRITING RECIPES CAN BE A CRAFT. [26:22] TEACHING CAN BE A CRAFT. [26:24] A CRAFT IS SOMETHING YOU GET GOOD AT OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME. [26:27] IT'S NOT INSTANTANEOUS. [26:29] BUT WHEN YOU HAVE IT, IT PROVIDES AT LEAST SOME PROTECTION [26:34] FROM BEING TREATED AS DISPOSABLE OR INTERCHANGABLE IN THE MARKETPLACE. [26:39] ANY EMPLOYEE CAN BE FIRED, BUT YOUR CRAFT CAN NEVER BE TAKEN AWAY FROM YOU. [26:45] AND THEN I THINK IF CRAFT IS AUTHORITY, I THINK IT GETS REALLY POWERFUL [26:49] WHEN IT'S PAIRED WITH A NEED. [26:51] I WANT TO SAY TO YOUNG PEOPLE, USING YOUR OWN EYES AND EARS, [26:55] WHAT IS YOUR INDEPENDENT ASSESSMENT OF WHAT OTHER HUMAN BEINGS ARE GOING TO NEED [27:00] DURING YOUR TIME AT WORK? [27:02] WHAT PRODUCTS? [27:03] WHAT SERVICES? [27:04] WHAT INFORMATION? [27:06] WHEN YOU HAVE A NEED THAT YOU'RE CHASING, YOUR CAREER IS LESS LIKE A LONELY PADDLE UP A [27:11] STREAM, AND IT'S MORE LIKE YOU'RE BEING BOIED BY A RUSHING RIVER, [27:15] WHETHER IT'S AN ALTRUISTIC NEED OR A BUSINESS NEED THAT IS PUSHING YOU. [27:20] I THINK THE NEED FACTOR IS ALSO VERY IMPORTANT RIGHT NOW, [27:24] BECAUSE OF WHAT WE TALKED ABOUT A SECOND AGO, [27:26] YOUNG PEOPLE ARE BEING TOLD ESSENTIALLY THAT THEY'RE NOT NEEDED. [27:30] THAT'S NOT TRUE. [27:32] I WANT THEM TO HAVE A REJOINDER AND A WAY OF SAYING, [27:36] OF COURSE MY ENERGIES AND AMBITIONS ARE VALUABLE. [27:41] I'M GONNA GIVE MY DREAMS A FIGHTING CHANCE HERE. [27:45] SUCH GREAT ADVICE TO END ON. [27:46] THE BOOK IS HOW TO START. [27:48] JODY KANTOR, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR TALKING WITH US ABOUT IT. [27:51] JODY KANTOR, THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME. [27:53] LET'S RETURN NOW TO CAPITOL HILL, WHERE THE U.S. [28:04] HOUSE YESTERDAY VOTED TO LIMIT PRESIDENT TRUMP FROM FURTHER MILITARY ACTION IN IRAN. [28:09] ONE OF THE REPUBLICANS WHO VOTED FOR THAT RESOLUTION IS CONGRESSMAN BRIAN [28:13] FITZPATRICK OF PENNSYLVANIA. [28:14] HE JOINS US NOW. [28:15] CONGRESSMAN, IT'S GOOD TO SEE YOU. [28:16] WELCOME BACK TO THE NEWSHOUR. [28:18] THANKS FOR HAVING ME. [28:19] SO, WE REPORTED EARLIER YOU WERE ONE OF FOUR HOUSE REPUBLICANS TO VOTE [28:23] FOR THAT IRAN WAR POWERS BILL. [28:25] YOU DID VOTE AGAINST IT EARLIER IN THE YEAR, IN MARCH AND IN APRIL. [28:28] YOU CHANGED YOUR VOTE TO YES IN MAY AND AGAIN LAST NIGHT. [28:31] SO, WHY THE CHANGE? [28:32] WHY SUPPORT THAT NOW? [28:33] YEAH, IT'S VERY SIMPLE. [28:36] IT'S FOLLOWING THE LAW. [28:37] THE WAR POWERS ACT OF 1973 HAS TWO ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS, 48-HOUR NOTIFICATION [28:43] IN ADVANCE AND, WITHIN 60 DAYS OF HOSTILITIES, COMMENCING APPROVAL BY CONGRESS. [28:49] SO, AS SOON AS WE HIT THAT 60-DAY MARK, EVERY RESOLUTION THAT'S BEEN BROUGHT TO THE FLOOR I'VE [28:54] SUPPORTED. [28:55] IT'S JUST A SIMPLE, BASIC MATTER OF FOLLOWING THE LAW. [28:58] SOME PEOPLE COMPLAIN ABOUT THE WAR POWERS ACT OF 73. [29:02] THERE'S TWO CHOICES. [29:03] YOU FOLLOW THE LAW OR YOU CHANGE IT. [29:05] YOU CAN'T VIOLATE IT. [29:06] THAT'S NOT AN OPTION. [29:07] SO, YOU DON'T SEEM TO BUY THE PRESIDENT'S ARGUMENT, [29:09] THEN, THAT THE CLOCK HAD STOPPED WHEN THE CEASE-FIRE WAS DECLARED. [29:12] BUT I'M SURE YOU SAW THE PRESIDENT REACT TO YOU AND THE OTHER YES VOTES. [29:16] HE CALLED YOU BAD REPUBLICANS AND GRANDSTANDERS. [29:19] HE SAID, WHY WOULD YOU DO, RATHER, WHO WOULD DO, SUCH AN UNPATRIOTIC THING? [29:24] WHAT'S YOUR RESPONSE TO THAT? [29:25] WELL, I THINK FOLLOWING THE LAW IS VERY PATRIOTIC. [29:29] AND, LISTEN, WE GET CRITICIZED ALL THE TIME IN THIS JOB. [29:33] YOU CAN'T LET THAT AFFECT YOUR FOCUS. [29:37] I REPORT TO NO PERSON OR NO PARTY IN WASHINGTON, D.C. [29:40] I WORK FOR THE PEOPLE BACK HOME IN BUCKS AND MONTGOMERY COUNTIES OF PENNSYLVANIA, [29:44] PENNSYLVANIA'S FIRST CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT. [29:46] THEY'RE MY BOSSES. [29:48] I LISTEN TO THEM INTENTLY. [29:50] AND MY JOB IS TO REFLECT THEIR VOICE HERE ON THE HOUSE FLOOR. [29:53] AND I'M GOING TO CONTINUE TO DO THAT. [29:54] SO THIS MEASURE IS SPECIFIC TO MILITARY ACTION IN IRAN, BUT WE HAVE HEARD THE PRESIDENT [29:58] THREATENED TO USE MILITARY ACTION IN OTHER PLACES, LIKE CUBA. [30:03] I'M JUST CURIOUS IF YOU BELIEVE THAT THE PRESIDENT NEEDS [30:06] CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL BEFORE ANY POTENTIAL MILITARY ACTION IN CUBA? [30:10] YEAH. [30:12] AGAIN, FOLLOW THE LAW, RIGHT? [30:14] WE HAVE A WAR POWERS ACT THAT SPELLS THIS OUT. [30:17] BY THE WAY, UNFORTUNATELY, MANY PRESIDENTS THAT HAVE PROCEEDED THIS ONE HAVE VIOLATED IT AS WELL. [30:23] I WAS NOT IN CONGRESS THEN. [30:24] I AM IN CONGRESS NOW, AND I'M GOING TO ENFORCE THE LAW NOW. [30:29] UNDER PRESIDENT OBAMA, WE HAD LIBYA. [30:31] UNDER PRESIDENT CLINTON, WE HAD BOSNIA AND KOSOVO. [30:34] UNDER PRESIDENT GEORGE H. W. BUSH, WE HAD PANAMA. [30:37] WHAT WE HAVE SEEN CONSISTENTLY IS THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH TENDS TO TAKE A VIEW [30:41] OF THE WAR POWERS ACT OF 1973 THAT'S MOST DEFERENTIAL TO ARTICLE II TO THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH. [30:47] BUT WE HAVE THREE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT IN THIS COUNTRY. [30:50] I WORK FOR THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH. [30:52] WE HAVE TO BE A SEPARATE INDEPENDENT CONSTITUTIONAL CHECK ON THE OTHER [30:55] BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT, GOVERNMENT, INCLUDING THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH. [30:58] SO IT'S PRETTY BASIC FOR ME. [31:00] FOLLOW THE LAW. [31:01] WHILE I HAVE YOU, I WANT TO ASK YOU, AS A MEMBER OF THE HOUSE INTELLIGENCE COMMITTEE AS WELL, [31:05] WE'VE HEARD THE PRESIDENT SAY THAT HE WILL NAME BILL PULTY AS HIS NEW DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL [31:11] INTELLIGENCE TO REPLACE TELSEY GABBARD. [31:13] THE PRESIDENT SAID TODAY THAT IT WOULDN'T BE ON A PERMANENT BASIS. [31:16] AS YOU WELL KNOW, PULTY IS NOW HEAD OF A FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE AGENCY. [31:20] HE DOESN'T SEEM TO HAVE ANY KIND OF INTELLIGENCE BACKGROUND AT ALL. [31:23] SO, PERMANENT OR NOT, DO YOU BELIEVE HE'S QUALIFIED TO SERVE IN THAT ROLE? [31:27] I DO NOT, NO. [31:30] SO WHAT DO YOU MAKE OF THE PRESIDENT'S PLANS TO PUSH AHEAD WITH THIS, [31:34] EVEN IF IT IS ON AN ACTING BASIS? [31:36] DOES THAT WORRY YOU ABOUT THE INTEGRITY OF THE JOB FOR THE TOP INTELLIGENCE OFFICIAL IN THE COUNTRY? [31:40] OF COURSE. [31:41] YOU KNOW, YOU ALWAYS WANT SOMEBODY WITH A BACKGROUND IN INTELLIGENCE. [31:44] I'VE BEEN IN THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY FOR 15 YEARS AS AN FBI AGENT PRIOR TO COMING HERE, [31:50] AND NOW AS THE CHAIRMAN OF THE CIA SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE HOUSE PERMANENT SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE. [31:55] YOU KNOW, THESE ARE SERIOUS JOBS THAT REQUIRE PEOPLE WITH A BACKGROUND IN THE SUBJECT MATTER. [32:01] WE HAVE A LOT OF ISSUES, INCLUDING FISA SECTION 702 THAT WE'RE DEBATING RIGHT NOW, [32:06] THAT THE DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE HAS A, YOU KNOW, SIGNIFICANT VOICE IN. [32:12] SO, YES, YOU ALWAYS WANT SOMEONE WITH A BACKGROUND. [32:15] I'VE SPENT MY WHOLE LIFE IN THE IC. [32:17] SO, I THINK THAT, YOU KNOW, I ANSWERED THE QUESTION. [32:21] I THINK THAT HE'S NOT QUALIFIED TO DO IT. [32:23] AND, YOU KNOW, THE PRESIDENT APPOINTED HIM PURPORTEDLY ON AN ACTING BASIS. [32:28] SO, WE'LL SEE WHO GETS THE NOMINATION. [32:30] AMNA NAWAZE, DO YOU BELIEVE THERE'S ENOUGH REPUBLICANS WHO HAVE EXPRESSED [32:32] SIMILAR CONCERNS THAT THE PRESIDENT COULD WALK BACK PUTTING BILL PULTY IN THAT JOB? [32:36] IN TERMS OF NOMINATING HIM? [32:39] YES. [32:40] WELL, I DON'T THINK HE'LL GET CONFIRMED. [32:42] I THINK THAT'S PRETTY CLEAR. [32:43] AMNA NAWAZE, SO YOU HAVE CONCERNS ABOUT BILL PULTY. [32:45] WHAT ABOUT TODD BLANCHE? BECAUSE WE'VE NOW HEARD THE PRESIDENT WILL [32:49] ACTUALLY NOMINATE HIM TO BE OFFICIALLY THE PERMANENT ATTORNEY GENERAL. [32:53] HE'S BEEN SERVING IN AN ACTING ROLE. [32:54] WE REPORTED EARLIER ON SOME OF THE HEADWINDS HE MIGHT FACE IN THE CONFIRMATION PROCESS. [32:58] DO YOU BELIEVE HE SHOULD BE CONFIRMED IN A PERMANENT ROLE? [33:01] I DO NOT. [33:04] YOU KNOW, I'VE BEEN AT THE I'VE BEEN AT THE TIP OF THE SPEAR ON FIGHTING BACK AGAINST [33:08] THIS SO-CALLED ANTI-WEAPONIZATION FUND. [33:11] I THINK IT WAS A SERIOUS ABUSE OF AUTHORITY BY THE ACTING ATTORNEY GENERAL, [33:15] SO MUCH SO THAT I INTRODUCED THE BIPARTISAN BILL WITH TOM SWOZI, MY CO-CHAIR [33:21] OF THE PROBLEM SOLVERS CAUCUS, TO FIX THIS INSTANCE. [33:23] BUT, MORE OVER, WE'RE GOING TO GO BACK AND ACTUALLY GET TO THE ROOT OF THE 1956 [33:29] FEDERAL JUDGMENT ACT. [33:31] THE BILL IS THAT OLD THAT HAS BEEN SIGNIFICANTLY WATERED DOWN IN 1961 AND 63 AND SEVERAL POINTS [33:37] THEREAFTER THAT REALLY MIGRATED A LOT OF AUTHORITY AWAY FROM ARTICLE ONE [33:44] CONGRESS AND TOWARDS ARTICLE TWO AND GAVE A TON OF DISCRETION TO THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, [33:49] TOO MUCH DISCRETION THAT ALLOWS IT TO BE ABUSED LIKE IT WAS NOW. [33:53] SO WE'VE GOT TO FIX THAT. [33:55] BUT TO ANSWER YOUR QUESTION, YOU KNOW, THAT REALLY UNDERMINED MY CONFIDENCE IN HIS JUDGMENT. [34:00] AMNA NAWAZ CONGRESSMAN BRIAN FITZPATRICK OF PENNSYLVANIA, CONGRESSMAN, [34:04] SO MUCH MORE TO TALK ABOUT. WE HOPE YOU'LL COME BACK AND JOIN US AGAIN SOON. [34:07] THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME. [34:07] YOU BET. THANK YOU. [34:09] THE PIPE ORGAN IS TYPICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH FORMAL CONCERT HALLS AND CHURCH MUSIC, [34:26] TRADITIONAL WORKS BY BAROQUE COMPOSERS LIKE BACH. [34:28] BUT ONE MUSICIAN IS BROADENING THE INSTRUMENT'S REPUTATION AND HAS GOTTEN OVER A MILLION PEOPLE TO TUNE IN. [34:35] OUR SENIOR ARTS CORRESPONDENT JEFFREY BROWN, WITH HELP FROM OUR FRIENDS AT MAIN PUBLIC, [34:40] went to experience this in Portland. It's part of our arts and culture series, Canvas. [34:45] JEFFREY BROWN, A lone musician, the console of an instrument capable of enormous and enormously [34:59] varying sounds, feet flying across the keyboards. [35:08] Thank you so much for coming. I am so excited about this. [35:12] JEFFREY BROWN, A lone musician, the console of an instrument capable of enormous and enormously varying sounds, [35:18] feet flying across the keyboards. [35:21] And gaining large followings on social media. [35:24] I will give him this baby Trader Joe's bag, and it's the perfect size for my organ shoes. [35:29] JEFFREY BROWN, Traditional pipe organs, something big is happening, [35:35] and Anna Lapwood is helping lead the way. [35:37] ANNA LAPWOOD, It's a novelty that people haven't been given the opportunity to understand, [35:42] because it's been impossible to get them close enough. But now, with social media, [35:49] we can bring a million people close enough just through a phone. They come to the concerts. [35:58] They come, and they want to hear what you're talking about, and they want to understand, [36:02] and they have questions, and they want to feel it. They want to feel the room shaking. [36:09] JEFFREY BROWN, We got a glimpse of the Lapwood Effect recently in Portland, Maine, [36:14] as she prepared for the final performance of a U.S. tour playing the Kotschmar organ, [36:22] built for the city in 1912. There's a lot going on here, right? [36:26] ANNA LAPWOOD, There's quite a lot going on, particularly an organ of this size, actually, [36:28] because we have five keyboards, five manuals. You've got the full pedal board. You have all of the [36:33] different stops. These are called stops that control the sounds. [36:36] JEFFREY BROWN, Ahead of the performance, [36:40] she spent more than 18 hours registering the organ. [36:44] ANNA LAPWOOD, For every moment of the concert, [36:46] you have to choose the sounds you want. You have to basically audition the different sounds. [36:51] For this program, about 350 different settings, all of which have to be programmed individually. [36:57] JEFFREY BROWN, And this is a completely new organ for you, right? [36:59] ANNA LAPWOOD, It is. [37:00] ANNA LAPWOOD, So you are getting to know this instrument? [37:02] ANNA LAPWOOD, Every organ is totally different. It's a bit like sort of speed dating. [37:05] ANNA LAPWOOD, And you have to, like, try and get to know the personality of the organ as quickly [37:09] as possible, and then figure out what that organ wants you to say with the music. [37:14] JEFFREY BROWN, LapwOOD's classical music credentials, Bach and all, are impeccable. [37:24] Now the official organist at London's Royal Albert Hall, [37:31] she was the first female organ scholar at Magdalene College in Oxford, [37:36] later director of music at Pembroke College, Cambridge. [37:41] She tried many instruments in childhood. [37:44] Somehow, it was the organ, which she sometimes refers to as a machine, [37:48] that offered a new kind of connection to audiences and more. [37:52] ANNA LAPWOOD, It is a way to connect with them, but I think, [37:54] for me, it's been a way to connect with myself and figure out who I want to be on stage. [37:59] JEFFREY BROWN, What does that mean? [37:59] ANNA LAPWOOD, I feel the most free, natural version of myself. [38:04] I feel so much more free than I do in normal life, to be perfectly honest. It is the freest version of [38:15] myself on stage, because it's the music which is just like a glove in my mind. It is just me. [38:23] JEFFREY BROWN, When you're playing, do you feel yourself part of the machine, or? [38:26] ANNA LAPWOOD, I just feel like my body has suddenly expanded, and this living thing around me is part of me. [38:37] JEFFREY BROWN, It was her own love of movies and film scores that offered a way to reach new audiences. [38:45] ANNA LAPWOOD, The thing I give the biggest credit for the shift in how people perceive [38:50] the organ is the film Interstellar. Suddenly, people hear the organ in a totally different [38:58] context. They hear the beauty of it. They hear the sensitivity of it. Count how many times a day [39:04] you hear the Interstellar soundtrack scrolling on TikTok or Instagram. Everyone knows that music. [39:10] It has brought the organ front and center into public consciousness. [39:17] JEFFREY BROWN, The popularity she's gained has also led her into some unexpected places, [39:24] performing with contemporary artists from other musical genres, [39:27] including a collaboration with the electronica musician Bonobo. [39:31] JEFFREY BROWN, Toccata and Fugue in D minor. [39:33] ANNA LAPWOOD, They heard me practicing and came on stage. [39:37] They were like, this is so cool. Oh, wouldn't it be cool if we included the organ in our set tomorrow? [39:43] ANNA LAPWOOD, So I ended up joining the show with no notice. And it was so far outside my comfort zone. [39:47] I had no idea what I was getting myself in for. And then, [39:50] these soaring strings. And I just started crying. The wool had just been pulled from over my eyes. [39:58] And I went, oh, my gosh, the musical world is about 70 million times larger than I'd ever [40:05] imagined it could be. No one knew I was going to be doing it. The crowd just erupted. [40:17] JEFFREY BROWN, Clearly behind all this, [40:23] Lapwood's personal effervescence, love of her instrument. [40:26] ANNA LAPWOOD, Lord of the Rings, this is the biggest project I have ever done. [40:31] JEFFREY BROWN, And desire to communicate directly with her audience, [40:34] including regular posts of behind-the-scenes of her life and work, [40:38] and middle-of-the-night rehearsals, often the only time she can access these special and unique [40:44] instruments. It's paying off with more than four million followers across platforms. [40:50] Is that a phenomenon that still surprises you? [40:52] ANNA LAPWOOD, All the time. [40:54] JEFFREY BROWN, All the time? [40:55] ANNA LAPWOOD, It's so strange. [40:57] I always say there's, like, Anna Lapwood and there's Anna, right? [40:59] JEFFREY BROWN, Who's here with me? [41:00] ANNA LAPWOOD, Oh, somewhere in the middle, I think, probably a little mix. [41:03] I try to bring as much as I can over. And I think there's something that people [41:10] like about that, because it feels like it gives them permission to be [41:13] the most authentic version of themselves as well. [41:15] JEFFREY BROWN, The Portland concert had ticket holders come from 43 states and four foreign countries. [41:21] Hello. [41:22] JEFFREY BROWN, And she greeted many of them for more than two hours after the concert [41:28] ended. [41:28] ANNA LAPWOOD, She just exudes this enthusiasm. [41:31] Hi. I'm finding you. [41:33] ANNA LAPWOOD, Her energy, it's just magnetic. [41:35] Well, come this way. Come this way. Come this way. Come this way. [41:37] Yes. [41:37] ANNA LAPWOOD, The way she lights up, she's so entertaining to watch. [41:40] JEFFREY BROWN, Upwood's growing audiences online and in halls around the world [41:50] are more than happy with what and how she's playing. [41:54] For the PBS NewsHour, I'm Jeffrey Brown in Portland, Maine. [42:04] And we'll be back shortly. But first, take a moment to hear from your local PBS station. [42:21] It's a chance to offer your support, which helps to keep programs like this one on the air. [42:26] For those of you staying with us, we take a trip back to Antarctica with science correspondent, [42:42] Miles O'Brien. He traveled there earlier this year with a team of scientists who are trying to [42:47] understand why the Thwaites Glacier is melting so quickly. In this encore report, Miles looks at some [42:53] of the research they conducted, despite a major setback. [42:56] JEFFREY BROWN, The timing was awkward. New York University glaciologist David Holland and I [43:03] landed on the Thwaites Glacier almost precisely when the valiant effort to bore through it [43:10] and install a suite of sensors in the ocean beneath reached an unceremonious dead end. [43:16] DAVID HOLLAND, New York University Glacier, New York University Glacier, New York University Glacier [43:18] We did not succeed in doing what we wanted to do, which is to put a weather station [43:22] in the ocean out there to begin to monitor it. What we achieved there was nothing, [43:28] nothing, absolutely nothing. A little bit Shakespearean. [43:32] The tragedy became comedy when Dr. Holland asked me to give him a hand, which as an arm amputee [43:41] is literally all I had to offer. But I have a hard time saying no. [43:47] Okay, these are empty. Just my speed. All right. [43:55] Let's go. Are you doing your end? [43:57] No, I think we're just dragging it. [43:58] All right. So we started setting up the distributed temperature sensor, [44:03] the last instrument slated to go down the hole. The heavy gear connects to a fiber optic cable [44:09] that provides continuous temperature readings from the surface to the sea floor. But now it will come up [44:16] about 650 feet short. Once the hole closed up, you could have closed up shop and just come back to the ship, [44:23] but you didn't. Why? [44:24] So it shows the possibility of what we can do in terms of remote instrumentation. So it would be [44:30] sugarcoating to say, you know, that's really great. I would say that's better than nothing. [44:34] MILES O' The drill project was the marquee event of a month-long scientific campaign [44:40] launched from the deck of the icebreaker Aarong, owned by the Korea Polar Research Institute, or COPRI. [44:48] Despite the drilling failure, they notched some success. One of the helicopters flew for several [44:55] days over the ice, surveying with a powerful radar able to peer through the thick ice to measure it [45:05] and see what the lay of the land is below. Now in its sixth year, the research campaign is a [45:11] partnership between COPRI, the University of Texas, and Montana State University. [45:17] So they've been out for, what, six hours? No, a little over six hours. [45:22] MILES O' The field team leader is glaciologist [45:25] Chris Pierce. CHRIS PIERCE, We've got really good quality data, [45:27] and we've got really good coverage coming out of this. [45:30] MILES O' He showed me one of their radargrams. [45:33] It's a two-dimensional slice of the ice, like an MRI or X-ray. Understanding the terrain beneath the ice [45:41] is a priority for researchers developing models to predict how fast the glacier might retreat. [45:48] CHRIS PIERCE, Once you get past a certain point, you're going to have a really, like, [45:52] low friction surface on which the glacier can slide. So that's one of the reasons that people [45:58] believe that Thwaites is particularly susceptible to instabilities. [46:03] MILES O' To help calibrate his radar, [46:06] Pierce turns to sea ice scientist Siobhan Johnson of the British Antarctic Survey to get a precise read [46:13] on the density of fern, snow that is transitioning to ice. She is an expert in ice coring. We were [46:22] on top of Thwaites when she showed me how it's done. So a little easier than doing it manually. [46:27] Yeah. [46:28] Let's give it a try. Let's see how it goes. [46:30] MILES O' She uses a coring device attached to a cordless drill. Easy peasy. This core represents [46:39] about six months of fern. It tells a story if you know how to read it. Clear ice means a warm spell. [46:48] Oh, actually, you see a little here. [46:49] Oh, yeah? [46:50] MILES O' That's a melt layer. Do you see? [46:51] Oh, yeah. I do. I do. [46:52] MILES O' When she cores sea ice, she cuts a precise section, [46:56] then weighs it to determine its density. In 2016, sea ice here began a sharp and unexpected drop [47:03] as the climate crisis changes wind and ocean currents. Melting sea ice does not directly raise [47:09] sea level, since it's already floating. But its loss can indirectly accelerate the melting of land [47:16] ice, glaciers like Thwaites. The role of sea ice in glacier melt forecasts is one of a myriad of [47:23] uncertainties this expedition was designed to help unravel. Perhaps the most novel approach was this, [47:32] a device called Rift Ox. Polar geophysicist Jamin Greenbaum of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography [47:39] at UC San Diego teamed up with helicopter maestro Dominic O'Rourke to fly into ice canyons on a series [47:48] of daring missions. [47:49] Jamin Greenbaum, U.S. San Diego, U.S. San Diego, U.S. San Diego Institute of Oceanography, [47:49] Sir, at Thwaites, we can take advantage of the fact that it's collapsing and producing these rifts [47:54] that allow you to get to places that, you know, in other glaciers, you just can't get to. [47:59] MILES O' Rift Ox is lifted by helicopter and flown to a fractured rift. [48:04] It breaks through thin ice and lowers a rosette of canisters as deep as 2,800 feet. [48:11] They capture water samples at prescribed depths. They're looking for telltale signs of subglacial [48:18] discharge. Formed under the glacier by geothermal heat and friction as the ice slides over the rock, [48:26] it squirts into the sea, where it mixes with warm ocean water. [48:30] MILES O' You know, I like to think of the warm ocean as like the fire. [48:34] And this subglacial discharge, I like to think of it like lighter fluid that's getting sprayed [48:38] into the fire, and it just blows the whole thing up. [48:40] MILES O' His early data have confirmed this hypothesis. [48:44] MILES O' And, lo and behold, in Area 3, we see direct evidence of subglacial discharge. [48:49] So it really is exactly where we thought it might be. [48:51] MILES O' It's all hard-won data. Kopri is vowing to return in two years. [48:58] The puzzle pieces are elusive, and the hard work here moves at the pace of a glacier. [49:04] But this one, the most consequential of them all, is moving faster than efforts to understand it. [49:12] For the PBS NewsHour, I'm Miles O'Brien at the Thwaites Glacier. [49:16] MILES O' In a northeastern corner of Montana, sits the small town of Freud. Rural and deeply [49:35] conservative, it backed President Trump during every one of his White House runs. [49:39] But earlier this year, when federal immigration agents detained one of the town's longtime residents, [49:45] this tight-knit community pushed back. Here's Montana PBS' Matt Standel. [49:50] MATT STANDEL , Just 50 miles from the Canadian border, [49:54] the town of Freud is home to less than 200 people. [49:58] For more than a decade, Roberto Orozco-Ramirez has been one of them. [50:03] Roberto's our neighbor. He's a part of our community. [50:06] MILES O' Over the years, Roberto has come to mean a lot of things to a lot of people here. [50:11] He's a local diesel mechanic, little league coach, and father of four boys. [50:16] Great businessman. He's my neighbor, been my neighbor next door for 11 years. [50:22] MILES O' But what residents of Freud didn't know until recently, [50:27] is that Roberto is also an undocumented immigrant who had been deported back in 2009. [50:33] UP UNTIL 6 MONTHS AGO, I DIDN'T KNOW ROBERTO WAS ILLEGAL. [50:36] NEIGHBOR KEITH NORDLAND SAYS BORDER PATROL VEHICLES STARTED SHOWING UP AROUND TOWN IN EARLY JANUARY. [50:42] WE HAD 24 HOURS A DAY, SEVEN DAYS A WEEK. [50:45] WE HAD AT LEAST TWO BORDER PATROL MEN IN OUR TOWN. [50:48] AGENTS STAKED OUT ROBERTO'S HOUSE, AND ACCORDING TO HIS NEIGHBORS, EVEN HARASSED ROBERTO'S CHILDREN. [50:54] I PERSONALLY DON'T BELIEVE THAT'S RIGHT. THEM FOUR BOYS ARE AMERICAN CITIZENS. [50:58] ROBERTO TURNED HIMSELF IN ON JANUARY 25TH. THE GOVERNMENT CHARGED HIM WITH ILLEGAL RE-ENTRY, [51:05] AND IMMEDIATELY TOOK HIM INTO DETENTION, TELLING MONTANA PBS THAT THIS ENFORCEMENT ACTION [51:11] REPRESENTS A COMMUNITY SAFETY PRIORITY. [51:13] THE BEEF IS DONE BY LOCAL RANCH. [51:15] WITHIN DAYS, KEITH NORDLAND FOUND HIMSELF ORGANIZING THE BIGGEST FUNDRAISER [51:20] THIS TOWN HAD EVER SEEN TO HELP ROBERTO. MORE PEOPLE SHOWED UP TO THE FREUD COMMUNITY CENTER [51:27] THAN THE TOWN HAS RESIDENTS. THEY SHARED A MEAL. THEY BID ON HAY AND GRAVEL AND TOOLS, [51:33] RAISING THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS FOR ROBERTO'S FAMILY. A SEPARATE LEGAL FUND RAISED THOUSANDS MORE. [51:39] IT'S REALLY HARD SEEING THAT NOW HE'S IN JAIL. [51:43] ROBERTO OROZCO JR. IS ROBERTO'S OLDEST SON. [51:46] HE SAYS HIS FATHER FLED CARTEL VIOLENCE IN MEXICO AS A TEENAGER AND CAME HERE TO BUILD A BETTER LIFE. [51:54] IT'S INCREDIBLE SEEING SUCH A HARDWORKING MAN. I MEAN, MY DAD BE IN A SITUATION LIKE THIS. [51:59] I JUST DON'T FIND IT VERY FAIR. WHEN MONTANA ATTORNEY LORA CHRISTOPHERSON HEARD ABOUT ROBERTO, [52:06] SHE SAYS SHE BEGAN STUDYING IMMIGRATION LAW AND HIRED AN EXPERT THANKS TO THOSE PRIVATE [52:11] DONATIONS. AND WHAT THEY FOUND CHANGED EVERYTHING. WHAT WE BELIEVE IS THAT EVEN IN 2009, [52:19] AT THE TIME OF HIS FIRST DEPORTATION, HE WAS NOT AFFORDED DUE PROCESS, WHICH MEANS HE WAS ILLEGALLY [52:25] REMOVED. CHRISTOPHERSON SAYS SHE FOUND MISTAKE AFTER MISTAKE IN THE WAY FEDERAL AUTHORITIES [52:32] HANDLED ROBERTO'S DEPORTATION AND SAYS SINCE JANUARY, ICE AGENTS HAVE REPEATEDLY VIOLATED HIS RIGHTS. [52:39] I THINK PEOPLE SHOULD UNDERSTAND THAT THIS IS A PERSON WHO'S BEEN IN THE U.S. [52:44] MORE THAN 25 YEARS. RAISED A FAMILY WITH FOUR U.S. CITIZEN CHILDREN WHO ARE [52:49] CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS OF OUR COMMUNITY. THEY PAY TAXES. THEY OBEY THE RULES. THEY [52:55] FOLLOW THE LAW. THEY DON'T TAKE FROM OUR SOCIETY. [52:58] IN THIS DEEP RED PART OF THE STATE, THERE ARE MIXED FEELINGS ABOUT ROBERTO'S LEGAL STATUS. [53:04] BUT KEITH NORDLAND SAYS THIS ORDEAL HAS CAUSED HIM TO QUESTION SOME LONG HELD POLITICAL BELIEFS. [53:11] I'M NOT OKAY THAT ROBERTO WAS HERE ILLEGALLY. I DON'T BELIEVE THAT'S RIGHT. [53:15] HOWEVER, OUR SYSTEM IS SO BROKEN THAT A GUY LIKE ROBERTO THAT'S CAME HERE HAS WORKED HIS BUTT OFF, [53:24] HAS BUILT A BUSINESS, HE'S THRIVING IN A NICHE, AND HE IS A VALUABLE ASSET TO OUR COMMUNITY. [53:30] HOW IS THERE NOT A WAY FOR HIM TO BE LEGAL? [53:32] OROZCO RAMIREZ VERSUS VICEER AT ALL. [53:35] LAST MONTH, ROBERTO'S LEGAL TEAM MADE THEIR CASE IN A MONTANA COURTROOM, [53:40] ARGUING THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION DENIED ROBERTO HIS CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS. [53:46] ROBERTO'S NEIGHBORS DROVE SIX HOURS ACROSS THE STATE TO ATTEND THE HEARING. [53:51] ROBERTO'S FOUR CHILDREN SAT IN THE FRONT ROW WHILE LAWYERS ARGUED FOR AND AGAINST HIS RELEASE. [54:12] THE FEDERAL JUDGE ULTIMATELY SIDED WITH ROBERTO AND AGAINST THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION. [54:17] SO AFTER MORE THAN 100 DAYS BEHIND BARS, ROBERTO WAS RELEASED FROM JAIL. [54:24] AND AS HE WALKED OUT OF THE CASCADE COUNTY DETENTION CENTER, HIS OLDEST SON WAS THERE TO SURPRISE HIM. [54:30] AND WHEN HE FINALLY MADE IT BACK TO FREUD, ROBERTO'S NEIGHBORS LINED THE STREETS, [54:37] CHEERING HIM ON AS HE MADE HIS WAY BACK TO HOME. [54:44] ROBERTO SAYS THIS TIGHT KNIT COMMUNITY IS WHAT GOT HIM THROUGH ICE DETENTION, [54:48] AND HELPED HIM TO KEEP ONE IMPORTANT THING IN MIND THE WHOLE TIME. [54:53] WELL, I THINK KNOWING THAT I WASN'T ALONE OR MY FAMILY WASN'T ALONE, [54:56] IT USED TO BE PUSHING AND I'VE BEEN GOING THROUGH WHATEVER USED TO GET TO THIS DAY. [55:02] THE RESIDENTS OF FREUD NEVER EXPECTED THE NATIONWIDE CRACKDOWN ON IMMIGRATION [55:07] TO MAKE ITS WAY TO THEIR TINY TOWN. [55:09] BUT WHEN IT DID, THEY WERE DETERMINED TO STAND UP FOR ONE OF THEIR OWN. [55:14] FOR THE PBS NEWSHOUR, I'M MATT STANDAL IN FREUD, MONTANA. [55:24] AND THAT IS THE NEWSHOUR FOR TONIGHT. [55:26] I'M AMNA NAVAZ. [55:27] ON BEHALF OF THE ENTIRE NEWSHOUR TEAM, THANK YOU FOR JOINING US. [55:30] MAJOR FUNDING FOR THE PBS NEWSHOUR HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY [55:36] CARNEGIE CORPORATION OF NEW YORK, [55:44] WORKING TO REDUCE POLITICAL POLARIZATION THROUGH PHILANTHROPIC SUPPORT [55:48] FOR EDUCATION, DEMOCRACY, AND PEACE. [55:51] MORE INFORMATION AT CARNEGIE.ORG. [55:54] AND WITH THE ONGOING SUPPORT OF THESE INDIVIDUALS AND INSTITUTIONS. [55:59] AND FRIENDS OF THE NEWSHOUR, INCLUDING LEONARD AND NORMA CLORFEIN, [56:03] AND THE JUDY AND PETER BLOOM KOVLER FOUNDATION. [56:08] AND WITH THE ONGOING SUPPORT OF THESE INSTITUTIONS. [56:17] AND FRIENDS OF THE NEWSHOUR. [56:26] THIS PROGRAM WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY THE CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS STATION [56:30] FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU. [56:32] WATCHING PBS.