2040 Climate Change Documentary trimmed 1hr15min

[00:00:00] Speaker ?: *sad music* *sad music* [00:00:53] Speaker 1: My name is Damon and this is my daughter Velvet. *sad music* Are you trying to plant Dad? She's just turned four. Her days are spent in a happy bubble created by my excellent wife, Zoe. She's lucky enough that her major concerns right now are numbers. [00:01:23] Speaker 2: Daddy, Mummy, Sally. So how many pieces is that? [00:01:30] Speaker 1: How to tell a knock-knock joke. Knock-knock. [00:01:34] Speaker 3: Who's there? Unicorn. [00:01:36] Speaker 1: Unicorn who? [00:01:37] Speaker 3: Unicorn jump over a rainbow. Oh, that's who it is. And the elusive art of sleep direction. [00:01:46] Speaker 1: But soon she'll have to leave that happy bubble and face a rapidly deteriorating environment. Yes, John. [00:01:57] Speaker 4: The ice sheet is now melting faster than the scientists predicted. We're seeing large waterfalls pouring off the side of the ice. It's an alarming acceleration. [00:02:05] Speaker 1: The need to address this is so urgent that it often overwhelms me. The simplest way I can explain our current predicament is to briefly channel my year nine science teacher and pretend our house is the planet. Carbon is a miraculous building block. And for millions of years, our planet has been part of a natural carbon cycle. Some gets released, some gets stored, and if these things are balanced, then equilibrium is maintained. But since the Industrial Revolution, we've broken the balance and have been dramatically increasing the release of the Earth's stored carbon into our atmosphere. For hundreds of thousands of years, we hovered between about 180 and 280 parts per million of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. But since the Industrial Revolution, that number has shot up over 40% to more than 400 parts per million, trapping heat in our atmosphere. More than 90% of the excess heat being trapped is absorbed by our oceans. The oceans also absorb much of the extra carbon dioxide, and so are now around 30% more acidic than they were 150 years ago. And this is impacting on biodiversity. As many sea creatures, such as oysters or clams, are struggling to make their shells. But the increased heat and overall energy in the system also leads to more intense weather events. Hotter air can hold more moisture, so rainfalls, storms, hurricanes, floods, even snowfalls can become heavier. [00:04:08] Speaker ?: It is true that the climate has always been changing. [00:04:11] Speaker 1: It just hasn't changed this rapidly in at least 50 million years. Unfortunately, the increasing heat also means that our polar caps and glaciers are rapidly melting, which causes sea level rise that threatens hundreds of millions of people in coastal cities. The earth is our collective home that we're actually renting from future generations. So we need to not only rapidly reduce our emissions... [00:04:55] Speaker 5: It's going to be the same way. [00:04:56] Speaker ?: I know! [00:04:58] Speaker 1: But also find ways to sequester, or draw down, the excess carbon dioxide that has already been put into the system. Many scientists believe that getting down to 350 parts per million would be a terrific goal. So I think we're all pretty aware that when it comes to predictions of the future, they're almost entirely negative at the moment. Any time you open your news feed or social media, there's some kind of doom and gloom story about the future of our environment. And as a father, I think there's room for a different story. A story that focuses on the solutions to some of these problems. So my plan is to go out and find some of these solutions and then create a vision of a different future for our daughter. I want to show her what the world would look like if the solutions I find were implemented today. So what would the world look like in 2040 if we just embrace the best that already exists? That's my only rule. Everything I show her in this 2040 has to exist today in some form. I can't make it up. I'm calling it an exercise in fat-based dreaming. I found myself in Bangladesh. Where the roads are chaotic. And people are openly peddling ice on the streets. [00:07:04] Speaker 6: A country like Bangladesh has one of the largest solar home system markets in the world. Over five million solar home systems. So most households in every rural area in Bangladesh actually has a solar home system. And that's their primary source of energy. [00:07:17] Speaker ?: Wow. [00:07:19] Speaker 1: This charming 23-year-old is Neil Tamane, who has studied alternative energy technologies and come home to help power his country. Turns out I wasn't the only one who wanted to hear him talk. [00:07:35] Speaker 7: So what we do is we interconnect solar home systems. [00:07:40] Speaker 6: And we enable energy sharing between them, which is basically trading. And the customer chooses when they want to trade and when they don't. Instead of building large grids, we're proposing a decentralized structure where we start building grids bottom-up. [00:07:57] Speaker ?: The set-up is quite simple. [00:07:59] Speaker 1: Any home that has solar panels and a battery can buy this special box, which connects them to another house with the same set-up. The box allows the buying or selling of energy between the homes. But it gets better. [00:08:24] Speaker 6: There is still a segment of the population that still can't afford to buy a solar home system. So instead of doing that, if they can just buy a small sole box, they can just buy energy when they need it. You fill up your sole box with money. As you keep using energy, it deducts money. [00:08:42] Speaker 1: What this means is that all the boxes can connect to each other to form a microgrid. It's like a water tank of community energy that people can give to or take from. The beauty is that this microgrid can then connect to the adjacent village's microgrid and the network becomes stronger and stronger. There's a mimicking of nature here, isn't there? In the way that cells multiply and form something and strengthen. [00:09:17] Speaker 6: That's a great analogy. You have one solar home system, you interconnect with your neighbours, you make it 50. Slowly you interconnect villages. Once you've collected 100 villages, you can hook it up to the grid. You can sell to the grid. Forget buying from it. You become the primary energy generation source for the country. So the idea is we are like a swarm of bees or a swarm of fish that move together, pool in all our energies together to run bigger loads. [00:09:44] Speaker 1: This technology could revolutionise the way we distribute energy worldwide. [00:09:51] Speaker 6: From little things, big things grow. [00:09:57] Speaker 8: When we have a decentralised mode of energy, the same thing that happens with the web, happens with information where basically it's democratic. Energy becomes democratic, but also it becomes very efficient. It's far more efficient because you produce it at the point where you consume it. [00:10:20] Speaker 1: Having efficient local energy also provides greater resilience in an increasingly hostile climate. [00:10:29] Speaker 6: And when we talk about climate change, it's floods, it's natural disasters that happen very often here. In the last one and a half years, we've seen about five, six disasters. When you have a centralised grid, everything breaks down and then it takes a long time to build it back up. If we have decentralised generation sources, every household has their own generation source. They are independent and they have that power in their own hands instead of depending on the government to provide it to them. [00:11:09] Speaker 9: The impact of the locally generated electricity is best seen at night. [00:11:31] Speaker 1: The influx of cash has made the village bazaar the place to be. [00:11:37] Speaker 9: In the last one and a half years, it's been a big deal. [00:11:40] Speaker ?: It's been a big deal. [00:11:40] Speaker 9: It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. [00:11:43] Speaker ?: It's been a big deal. [00:11:43] Speaker 9: It's been a big deal. [00:11:44] Speaker ?: It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. [00:11:46] Speaker 10: It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. [00:12:05] Speaker 7: It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. [00:12:14] Speaker 6: It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. It's been a big deal. You guys have just skipped the landline, telephone, communication. They're spending billions of dollars here. But instead of doing that, if they can actually help subsidize these systems and let people own their own system, they would be so proud by owning these. So when I'm trading energy with you, suppose, you're actually paying me for it and I'm getting the money. So the money also stays within the economy. This is bringing back people together. Yes! [00:12:58] Speaker 1: As I left the village, I had a renewed sense of hope. Particularly when Neil told me this technology is springing up in other countries. This solution is great for our environment, with so many cascading benefits for any community that chooses to adopt it. So, sticking to my rule of only showing what exists today, here's what the future of energy could look like for my daughter. This, Velvet, could be you. And this could be where you live. [00:13:52] Speaker 2: Crystal, bring up energy? Certainly. What would you like me to do? [00:13:58] Speaker 1: Imagine if your house in 2040 is part of a microgrid that helps power the economy throughout your city. Imagine if your windows are solar glass and come standard in new homes. And your solar battery is cheap and recyclable. This could allow you to donate your excess energy. [00:14:28] Speaker 2: I'm going away for four days. Would you like to share or sell? Share. Hurricane relief? Done. You're a legend. Thanks. Humans are awesome. Okay. That choice was good for your soul. Alright. [00:14:46] Speaker 8: Every home is going to have a battery that's going to store as much electricity as you possibly can store. And all the governments in the world cannot push back against that because folks are going to go buy it at the store, at Ikea, at Walmart, at the supermarket. And it's going to be very cheap. It's so cheap that you're not even going to notice. [00:15:09] Speaker 1: If cheaper home energy systems are combined with more people demanding clean energy from their politicians, darling, then there's a chance many countries could be close to 100% renewable by 2040. What I can guarantee is that not only will I be an embarrassing dad, find news, but that natural disasters will increase their intensity for the last two decades. [00:15:39] Speaker ?: If you like this time, we have absolute chaos. Woo! Woo! Woo! God! Oh, my God! Oh, my God! Woo! Woo! Woo! [00:15:59] Speaker 1: But what I now know is that we actually have everything we need on both a large and small scale to power us through these disasters. And by building new grids, loads of people will get loads of jobs. [00:16:17] Speaker ?: Oh, that's great. Mmm. [00:16:21] Speaker 1: But what would be really great during this transition, Velvet, is if the people who work in the fossil fuel industry are given support and funding for retraining in new careers, paid for by redirecting some of the $10 million a minute governments currently spend subsidising fossil fuels. [00:16:42] Speaker ?: and the people who are not going to be able to do it. And the people who are not going to be able to do it. And the people who are not going to be able to do it. And the people who are not going to be able to do it. And the people who are not going to be able to do it. And the people who are not going to be able to do it. And the people who are not going to be able to do it. And the people who are not going to be able to do it. And the people who are not going to be able to do it. And the people who are not going to be able to do it. And the people who are not going to be able to do it. And the people who are not going to be able to do it. And the people who are not going to be able to do it. And the people who are not going to be able to do it. And the people who are not going to be able to do it. And the people who are not going to be able to do it. And the people who are not going to be able to do it. And the people who are not going to be able to do it. And the people who are not going to be able to do it. And the people who are not going to be able to do it. And the people who are not going to be able to do it. And the people who are not going to be able to do it. What struck me about the microgrids [00:17:06] Speaker 1: is that the profits from the shared energy stay within the community and empower individuals rather than going to a big energy company elsewhere. But it turns out microgrids are currently illegal in some countries. [00:17:27] Speaker 11: If we recognise that our wellbeing fundamentally depends upon the stability and the thriving of this planet. We would put that at the heart of the economic system we create. [00:17:37] Speaker 1: I met with the economist Kate Raworth in an appropriate location. Kate is proposing a new economic framework designed for our current predicament. [00:17:50] Speaker 11: Today's economy, the returns of production are accruing to a 1%. Which leaves us with these extraordinary levels of inequality. So we need to create an economy in which value created is shared far more equitably with all those who helped create it. And doff though it sounds, I think it looks like a doughnut. Oh yeah. The kind with a hole in the middle. So, in the hole in the middle of that doughnut is a place where people are falling short on life's essentials. Be it food, housing, education, water, energy. And so we want to get everybody in the world out of that hole. But we also can't go beyond the doughnut's outer crust because there we start to put so much pressure on this extraordinary planet causing climate breakdown. Biodiversity loss, air pollution, too much land conversion. We kick out of kilter this extraordinary living planet on which all of our well-being depends. Last century's economists didn't see this. No phase of humanity has encountered this before. It's our generational challenge. We need new ideas to do this. [00:19:11] Speaker 1: The wonderful thing about the microgrids is that they fit beautifully within the doughnut framework. The solar energy helps restore the outer boundaries like climate change and air pollution. But on the inner boundaries, more people are pulled into the doughnut by improving health with less kerosene use, education by providing light to study, income equality by keeping profits within the local economy, and networks, because the microgrid now interconnects households. So it's interesting, you know, being in some of these big American cities, the traffic is just diabolical. And I can see that it... You know, I consider myself quite a happy person. You know, I've got not a lot to complain about. I'm really feeling a bit antsy in this traffic. And it kind of does that to you. And I think probably a lot of people might not put that as a factor because they've got other things going on in their life. But if you do have things in your life that are bothering you, then you throw yourself into this environment. Things can get a little tense. And I've been tempted to jump on the horn and abuse a couple of people. [00:20:38] Speaker ?: And I think it's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. [00:20:46] Speaker 1: It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. [00:20:53] Speaker ?: It's the only thing to do. [00:20:54] Speaker 1: It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. [00:21:03] Speaker 12: It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. [00:21:06] Speaker 1: It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. [00:21:15] Speaker ?: It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. [00:21:18] Speaker 8: It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. [00:21:32] Speaker ?: It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. [00:21:34] Speaker 1: It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. [00:21:51] Speaker ?: It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. [00:21:53] Speaker 1: It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. [00:21:56] Speaker ?: It's the only thing to do. [00:21:57] Speaker 1: It's the only thing to do. [00:21:58] Speaker ?: It's the only thing to do. [00:21:59] Speaker 1: It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. [00:22:05] Speaker ?: It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. It's the only thing to do. [00:22:09] Speaker 1: It's the only thing to do. So this is my first experience in a driverless vehicle. And I'm a little bit nervous because that wheel's turning by itself. Siri, please look after me. So yeah, you can see that's our car tracking there. And the little LiDAR, the radar on top, is reading out all the information. I think about 50 metres ahead of us and scanning the area and determining what's around us, other obstacles, what it should look out for, pedestrians, bike riders, other cars. So it's constantly ahead of us predicting. [00:22:56] Speaker 8: Two things are going to happen. We're all going to have a massive fleet of cars that are going to pick you up at home, take you to work, take you to the supermarket and so on. And the other one, even if you already own a car that you already paid off, it's going to be four times more expensive just to own that car than it is to access transportation as a service. So autonomous electric vehicles. [00:23:26] Speaker 1: I do like the freedom of my own car. So the big question is, are enough of us willing to give that up and embrace shared transportation? [00:23:38] Speaker 13: One of the interesting challenges about a future of vehicles that involves ride sharing is that we have all these ideas tied up with owning vehicles that have very little to do with getting us from point A to point B and all to do with what those things said about us. So, you know, they became symbols of independence and freedom. They became symbols of class and wealth and capital. Now, the reality is, of course, we haven't had cars forever. And the notion of cars as status symbols and signals of independence, that's 60, 70 years old at most and less than that in most places. And so the idea that we can uncouple those things isn't impossible. And frankly, they only ever got coupled in the first place because of advertising. [00:24:20] Speaker 1: If we did embrace on-demand transport, much like we now require fewer CDs or DVDs, we'd also require fewer vehicles and almost no parking space. [00:24:40] Speaker 8: Two thirds of L.A. is parking and roads. You could fit three cities the size of San Francisco in the empty parking space left by the autonomous vehicle disruption. And so as a society, we need to make decisions. What do we do with all that parking space that's going to be vacant? [00:25:09] Speaker 1: So here's what 2040 could look like for my daughter, without an extra billion cars. As you head off to your first school dance, family hug, it will be nice not having to worry about your date's driving skills. [00:25:34] Speaker 12: Look, Dad. A ghost must be driving. [00:25:37] Speaker ?: Spooky! [00:25:43] Speaker 1: I imagine your date to be very kind and very impotent. All the cars that your mum and I ever owned were stranded assets, meaning that 96% of the time they were parked or unused. But now in 2040, with driver costs gone and the rideshare explosion, fewer people actually own cars. They get around in luxurious pods like this for next to nothing. It's just inner cities that are likely to be driverless only. And we could really fatten the donut if vehicles were community owned. But I secretly hope, darling, that Rocket Boots Girl has achieved her ambition of worldwide domination. So this is a huge disruption of a massive part of the labour force. Inevitably, there will be debates around this technology. But if enough of us embrace ridesharing, we could reclaim our cities for humans instead of vehicles. And generate millions of new jobs. [00:26:54] Speaker 11: This is big vision. We just need to have that vision now. A lot of people want to be working on something that they can see is actually helping to regenerate and innovatively recreate the world. [00:27:23] Speaker 1: The extra space in our cities could allow the building of more low cost, sustainable homes. And we could see the growth of re-manufacturing industries, which might convert existing vehicles to electric. But most exciting could be the urban food farms that spring up in empty parking lots. Or inside disused car parks. And imagine having fresh local food growing on our rooftops. This would also contribute to a much healthier environment. [00:28:14] Speaker 14: It's unbeatable to grow food in your own backyard. It's unbeatable to grow food all through and around your city. It's unbeatable to grow food on your roof. It's unbeatable to grow food. [00:28:23] Speaker ?: It's unbeatable to grow food. It's unbeatable to grow food. [00:28:23] Speaker 14: It's unbeatable to grow food. It's unbeatable to grow food. It's unbeatable to grow food. It's unbeatable to grow food. It's unbeatable to grow food. [00:28:28] Speaker ?: It's unbeatable to grow food. It's unbeatable to grow food. It's unbeatable to grow food. [00:28:31] Speaker 1: It's unbeatable to grow food. It's unbeatable to grow food. It's unbeatable to grow food. It's unbeatable to grow food. It's unbeatable to grow food. [00:28:36] Speaker ?: It's unbeatable to grow food. It's unbeatable to grow food. It's unbeatable to grow food. [00:28:38] Speaker 12: It's unbeatable to grow food. It's unbeatable to grow food. It's unbeatable to grow food. [00:28:41] Speaker ?: It's unbeatable to grow food. [00:28:42] Speaker 12: It's unbeatable to grow food. It's unbeatable to grow food. It's unbeatable to grow food. It's unbeatable to grow food. 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[00:32:35] Speaker 14: If we cut emissions to zero, human emissions to zero, we would still be toast. We're still already over a tipping point and on our way to a point of no return. So we have to reduce the emissions that we're producing today. And we also have to sequester carbon. We have to remove excess carbon from the atmosphere and store it. [00:33:02] Speaker 1: For an increased sense of urgency, I met with Paul Hawken, who thankfully isn't afraid of heights. He's the founder of Project Drawdown, the first comprehensive plan to reverse global warming. [00:33:19] Speaker 15: If you look at the solutions that we model in Drawdown, they're virtually all regenerative development. That is to say, the earth is better off, the people are better off, the communities are better off, the birds are better off, the creatures are better off, the birds are better off. No matter what it is, they're better off for it than had we not done it. [00:33:37] Speaker 1: Paul suggested I first explore food and agriculture for drawdown opportunities. [00:33:45] Speaker 15: When you change agricultural practices related to food, you can do two things. One is you stop emitting carbon, CO2, but you're also sequestering carbon. So it's one of those sectors, yeah, that actually does both. It's a twofer, which is not only does it start putting it up, but actually brings it down. So you're flipping a whole sector. [00:34:08] Speaker 16: Soil's almost an unknown universe in that there's over six billion microorganisms of huge diversity in a small spoonful of soil, of healthy soil, which is really quite amazing. I don't know who counted them, but someone did. It's a tough job. Yeah. [00:34:39] Speaker 1: I was in regional Victoria in Australia to meet Cole Sice, a champion of regenerative agriculture. [00:34:49] Speaker 16: In 1979, we had a major bushfire at home, like a wildfire, and lost virtually all of our sheep, which were 3,000 merino sheep. I went from going okay to being broke overnight. So I had to work out a way of doing it without spending any money. And then I developed a different way of farming, totally different through the 1980s and 1990s, which turned out to regenerate the land. Using a lot less chemicals and inputs than is traditionally used. That's right. And since I changed - I actually did the figures on it - I've saved over two million dollars since I changed. Don't know where the two million dollars went. [00:35:34] Speaker 1: Cole helps farmers around the world use plants to pull carbon from the atmosphere and put it into their soils. Because our constant ploughing of the soil has released billions of tonnes of the stuff. [00:35:49] Speaker 14: Over the last 10,000 years of agriculture, the degradation of soils has been one of the leading causes of climate change. It's actually, as of right now, a larger cause of climate change than burning fossil fuels. [00:36:09] Speaker 1: I asked Cole to strike a farming calendar pose to explain how he brings the carbon back home. The plants use carbon dioxide and energy from the sun to create simple sugars. The plant uses some of these sugars to grow. The rest is pumped into the soil through the roots. These sugars feed soil microbes, which interact with the plant, and the carbon dioxide taken from the atmosphere is sequestered into the soil as carbon. G'day. [00:36:42] Speaker ?: Fraser. Hey, Damon. You too. Very well. G'day, Carl. G'day. G'day. [00:36:49] Speaker 17: We went to take the kids fishing, and we had to go and find worms on the farm, and Fraser was just getting, we're going from paddock to paddock trying to find worms. There wasn't any. [00:36:55] Speaker ?: There was none. [00:36:55] Speaker 17: There was none. [00:36:56] Speaker 18: And it ended up, this fun experience ended up being not so fun, because there was so much frustration about how come there weren't any worms, because healthy soil has worms. We had everything going for our farm, and I didn't feel that it was getting the yields and getting the results that I thought were going to be there. [00:37:27] Speaker 19: And I tried just throwing more fertiliser at it, and that didn't seem to work, and so I just had all these questions around what we're doing and why we're doing it. So what's going on here, fellas? So this is what we'd call a chemical summer fallow, where we control the weeds with chemical over summer. [00:37:52] Speaker 1: So how does that affect the soil like in terms of dirt? [00:37:55] Speaker 16: This form of agriculture really kills the whole soil ecosystem. [00:38:02] Speaker 19: So what are we looking at there, Cole? [00:38:04] Speaker 16: That hard, compaction, low, poor structured soil is really not good in agriculture. Like, if you look, think about a plant trying to get through that, almost impossible. The other thing too, water can't get in there. To counteract these problems, Cole's simple advice to Fraser was to start planting. [00:38:25] Speaker 19: Okay, so what we've done here is plant a mix of different species, about eight in total. They all play a role in the soil health with their different roots and different root exudates. So we've got the sunflower here, and the sorghum, millet, down here. [00:38:50] Speaker 1: And all these together means, because that variety, it's pulling the carbon into the soil and making it healthier. [00:38:57] Speaker 19: That's right. [00:38:58] Speaker ?: Yeah, exactly. [00:38:58] Speaker 19: Go, nature. Yeah. [00:39:00] Speaker 16: If we go back even a few thousand years, all the grasslands in the world were dominated by large mobs of grazing animals. And also, they were kept moving all the time by predators. So the animals, in this case cattle, are never kept on the same area at one time. By letting the cattle run amok in the crops, good things happen. [00:39:39] Speaker 1: They flatten the field. They create a utopia for the local insects, which becomes a natural fertiliser. And crucially, they are fed as nature intended. [00:39:53] Speaker 16: Over the last 50 or 60 years, we've removed animals like cattle and sheep from eating their natural food, and put them in feedlots eating grain. And we should never have done that, because they've never evolved to eat grain. So what happens is that the cattle are basically sick. And we're finding out now that the meat from feedlots is not healthy for us. It's certainly not healthy for the animals, and it's something that we should never have done. [00:40:29] Speaker 1: Any discussion around livestock has to include methane, which is another damaging greenhouse gas quite rudely burnt out by the cows. While some livestock practices offset that damage, the bad news for the hot dog kid is that we need to embrace a more plant-rich diet. And the meat we do eat should ideally come from regenerative practices, like Fraser's. [00:41:04] Speaker 15: Plant-rich diet means that we actually reduce the amount of protein that we eat in wealthier nations, because it's too high. It's 100, 110 grams per day. What we model is decreasing that to 50, 60 grams. The fact is, some people want to eat meat. What meat they eat is critically important. How it's produced, how it relates to the land, are very, very important. [00:41:38] Speaker 1: But as our climate becomes increasingly volatile, this type of farming has one more crucial advantage. [00:41:47] Speaker 16: For every 1% increase in carbon to 30 centimetres, we increase the water holding capacity of soil by 166,000 litres per hectare on every rainfall event. [00:42:03] Speaker 1: When it rains, the soil on the left, with more carbon and organic matter, absorbs the water, and less runs off the top. Whereas the chemical-ridden soil on the right absorbs almost no water, and allows it to run off, taking the chemicals with it into nearby rivers and waterways. [00:42:25] Speaker 16: That's the way we can buffer against droughts and dry seasons. Rustlands all around the world, they virtually had a built-in irrigation system. [00:42:36] Speaker 19: You really can see the aggregation that's going on from all these roots of all the different plants we've been growing in here. So what we've got going here with this clod is basically a dry paddock with not much growing in it apart from a few weeds. And here, three months ago, we planted the multi-species grazing crop. So that's in three months that's happened. That's in three months. That's incredible, isn't it? [00:43:04] Speaker 1: That kind of represents big ag, and this represents Mother Nature. And it's pretty obvious who I'd rather get my source of vegetables from. [00:43:14] Speaker 19: Well, I mean, we talk about trying to work out some of the global problems and trying to do it quickly. You can really see the speed that it can happen here. I mean, look at all these roots. Like, that's all carbon pumps, isn't it, Carl? [00:43:26] Speaker 16: It is. It really shows that plants met plants and more plants. In other words, plant diversity, plus grazing animals, will create that and fix our problems. [00:43:39] Speaker 14: People ask me, "Well, what can we say to farmers?" And the answer is, "We can't do it without you." "We don't want to mitigate climate change without agriculture." So we have to find ways, better ways, for agriculture to become part of the solution instead of part of the problem. [00:43:59] Speaker 1: Fraser will now let his multi-species crop break down. He can then plant his commercial crops here without having to break the soil and release carbon. But perhaps most importantly, he can now take the kids fishing. [00:44:28] Speaker 20: So I just bake it for 20 to 30 minutes? Yes, that's it. You've got it. And then once it's done, you just sprinkle the greens on the top and that's it. Beautiful. Thanks, Nan. Love you. Okay. Bye, Dahl. [00:44:41] Speaker 1: In 2040, my hope, Velvet, is that more people will have an understanding of how the foods they eat impact our environment. If this transpires, your generation are likely to eat a lot less meat than mine did. There's no doubt we'll continue our obsession with fad diets. [00:45:04] Speaker 21: But we find it's the flavour-free diet that's the way to go because, let's face it, it's the flavour that gets us into trouble. Isn't that right? [00:45:12] Speaker 1: I'll just love tending our garden from an app. And your mum and I will completely understand when you start avoiding dinner at our house. With less global consumption of meat, aided by some pretty convincing substitutes, we could see many feedlots close down and animals return to the land for use in regenerative farming. But just imagine what we could do with the one-third of the world's cropland that is currently being used to grow food for animals. This land could transition to a range of regenerative practices that draw down vast amounts of carbon into the soil, while retaining precious water and producing nutrient-dense food. Instead of soy or grains, we could feed the animals grass, crop residue or food waste. This would improve the health of the animals, the people who choose to eat them and our environment. The steep croplands around the world, darling, could be used to grow foods that also draw down huge amounts of carbon. A practice called agroforestry does this by simultaneously growing foods like pawpaw, bananas, coffee, avocados or vegetables. But crucially, on small parcels of land. [00:47:13] Speaker 22: With highly diversified local food systems, you have a way of really dramatically decreasing the scale of land, water, energy needed. And massively increasing how much you can get from that land. [00:47:37] Speaker 15: Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. [00:47:39] Speaker ?: Industrial agroforestry does this. [00:47:39] Speaker 15: Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. [00:47:43] Speaker ?: Industrial agroforestry does this. [00:47:43] Speaker 15: Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. [00:47:47] Speaker ?: Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. [00:47:50] Speaker 15: Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. [00:47:56] Speaker ?: Industrial agroforestry does this. [00:47:56] Speaker 15: Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. Industrial agroforestry does this. [00:48:26] Speaker 1: It's about how those who polluted our air with excess carbon had to pay a penalty. And the money raised paid farmers to clean our air by putting it back into the soil. This helped restore the climate, biodiversity loss and land conversion, while pulling more people into the donut by saving precious water, improving the quality of our food, and in turn, improving our health. [00:49:11] Speaker 15: One of the coming attractions that I think could have the biggest impact is what is called marine permaculture. This is another way of farming in the ocean, but this is more wild farming because it actually sets up the context for the oceans to regenerate themselves. Dr. Brian Van Herzen, a physicist, used to fly to Europe every year, and he saw how quickly the Greenland ice sheet was melting and decided to change his whole life in 2006 to restoring living systems and focused on the ocean. [00:49:57] Speaker 1: He told me to pack a lunch and a sick bag as we were spending the day out at sea. [00:50:10] Speaker 23: With 93% of global warming going into the ocean today each year, the problem is that the waters are getting too warm without enough overturning circulation, and there aren't enough nutrients. And the result is we lose the life in the ocean. [00:50:23] Speaker 1: Understandably, there has been reluctance to meddle with our oceans, but the fact that they are getting warmer, becoming acidic, and many fish species are now in danger of collapse, means that they actually need our help. Brian's solution is seaweed. [00:50:51] Speaker 23: So what we do with marine permaculture is we restore overturning circulation. It's as if your leg was asleep and you lost circulation. We have to do that with the ocean. We've got to get that overturning circulation going again to bring the cool waters up with the higher nutrient levels that can actually restore conditions for the seaweeds. Between Australia and the United States, there's a hundred million square kilometers of ocean desert that is amenable to marine permaculture. We can actually restore life in subtropical oceans, restore the fish habitat that's needed to restore fisheries. [00:51:31] Speaker 1: Marine permaculture is a regenerative technology that works like this. A frame made of recycled material becomes a platform for the seaweed to grow on. It sits just below the surface and sinks lower as the seaweed grows and gets heavier. A pump, powered simply by the rise and fall of the ocean, brings the cold, nutrient-laden waters from below and disperses them over the seaweed in the upper warmer layer. The seaweed can be regularly harvested and used for a range of purposes. [00:52:08] Speaker 23: Seaweed is good for food, animal feed, fertilizer, fiber and biofuel. There's so much we can do with seaweeds. [00:52:24] Speaker 1: So we're cruising along this very low-carbon vessel, following Brian, who's swum down to get the seaweed in one of his testing sites here. [00:52:37] Speaker ?: Except he's gone. [00:52:42] Speaker 1: And he's been under the water for about two minutes. And, uh... [00:52:46] Speaker 24: Brian? Brian? I found it. [00:52:52] Speaker 1: You found it? Yeah. All right, we'll come to you. The permaculture tests that Brian and his team have conducted in the South Pacific have seen marine life return. And the seaweed transformed the quality of the water itself. [00:53:11] Speaker 23: Seaweeds actually draw down carbon dioxide from the ocean waters. And they restore the alkalinity of the ocean. That enables shellfish and other creatures to thrive. [00:53:25] Speaker ?: They're in the water. [00:53:29] Speaker 23: Damon, I thought we'd try some seaweed salad today. All right. [00:53:36] Speaker 1: Well, the little bursts of gas are good. [00:53:38] Speaker 23: Yeah, like little poppers. [00:53:40] Speaker ?: Mm. [00:53:43] Speaker 1: OK. That's actually pretty good. Seaweed salad. [00:53:47] Speaker ?: So, what kind of... [00:53:48] Speaker 1: Are we getting omega-3s in here? What kind of... [00:53:50] Speaker 23: Oh, yeah. What's our source? EPA, DHA, antioxidants, phytonutrients, omega-3 fatty acids. [00:53:57] Speaker 1: But this humble weed has one more heroic trait to offer. It could play a profound role in drawing down carbon. [00:54:07] Speaker 23: Well, this is an example of brown seaweed. The fastest brown seaweed will grow a half a metre per day. [00:54:14] Speaker ?: Hang on. [00:54:15] Speaker 23: Half a metre a day? Half a metre a day. Half a day will grow over 50 metres long. Is that one of the fastest growing plants in the world? It is the fastest growing tree on the planet. [00:54:25] Speaker ?: Well, OK. [00:54:26] Speaker 23: So, that's why the understanding that it's going to be cool and calm and that would have to be very quick. [00:54:30] Speaker ?: Yes. [00:54:30] Speaker 23: Because it grows so fast. Thousands of tonnes of carbon per square kilometer per year. Wow. [00:54:38] Speaker 7: OK. [00:54:40] Speaker 23: Wind. Sort of weed it all. It's food. It's habitat for fish. It gives back to the fishing systems. We balance carbon. We measure the carbon export. [00:54:52] Speaker 1: The testing of large-scale marine permaculture is yet to be done. But the stakes couldn't be any higher for getting them underway. [00:55:04] Speaker 23: This is all about restoring the foundation of our civilisation. Because with climate disruption, we'll deplete the soils, we'll deplete the oceans. There'll be no civilisation left. Because any time you lose that foundation of food in the soils and the seas, you lose civilisation as well. So, Velvet. [00:55:24] Speaker ?: Because the warming will increase over the next two years, we'll deplete the soil of the soil. So, Velvet. Because the warming will increase over the next two years, we'll deplete the soil of the soil of the soil. So, Velvet. Because the warming will increase over the next two decades and sea levels will continue to rise, some countries will need to adapt to the soil. So, Velvet. Because the warming will increase over the next two decades and sea levels will continue to rise, some countries will need to adapt in new and creative ways. [00:55:49] Speaker 1: But if predictions of severe droughts are realised, that sea shortages of food, [00:55:50] Speaker ?: the sea would increase the soil of the soil of the soil. [00:55:50] Speaker 1: So, Velvet. So, Velvet. Because the warming will increase over the next two decades and sea levels will continue to rise, some countries will need to adapt in new and creative ways. But if predictions of severe droughts are realised, that sea shortages of food, the potential for unprecedented numbers of refugees and civil unrest around the world is enormous. Just imagine large scale marine permaculture helping to mitigate the severity of such a crisis. It could provide an alternative food source to the damaged land crops that is rich in protein and other nutrients. [00:56:57] Speaker 11: Instead of having governments that are reacting to disaster, we need governments and communities and businesses that proactively set a new vision that prevents these disasters. This actually takes us off in a different direction. [00:57:12] Speaker 1: Investment in marine permaculture around the world could generate countless jobs and help us reduce our meat consumption while sequestering staggering amounts of carbon. Imagine decommissioned oil rigs converted to house the workers and becoming exciting tourist destinations for those keen to explore marine life. The seaweed could be particularly valuable in climate-vulnerable areas, like the Bay of Bengal, where it could provide food, fertiliser and biofuel. Along the coast of Africa, it could provide similar benefits, contributing to a thriving local economy. [00:58:11] Speaker 15: With mechanisms, simple ones, you are in fact regenerating the oceans. You could feed 10 billion people with the protein from marine permaculture alone. You could feed 10 billion people with the protein from marine permaculture alone. [00:58:45] Speaker 1: At this point of the trip, I felt for the first time like we genuinely have a chance at a better future, if we choose to take it. Today's economy, right? [00:59:05] Speaker 11: It gets bigger, faster and faster, so the economy is doubling in size nearly every 20 years. We take earth materials, turn them into stuff we want, we use it for a while, and then throw it away. And that take, make, use, lose, it cuts against the living cycles of the planet, causing climate change, causing pollution. So we're kicking ourselves out of planetary balance. [00:59:36] Speaker 1: It is difficult to see the impacts of our individual resource use on the broader environment. But our survival could depend on us making that connection. [00:59:54] Speaker 24: For greater than 99.9% of our evolution, human beings lived in this very intimate association with the natural world. The decisions we made on a daily basis as individuals within the context of communities. They were informed by this immediate feedback we got from the world around us, from the sun, from the water that was falling on us. And you fast forward to this little blip of time that we're in right now. And, you know, we're completely and totally alienated from nature. We've lost that connection. [01:00:29] Speaker 1: I've come to the town of Oberlin in Ohio, where John and his team have come up with a quite brilliant way to raise awareness of their community's resource use. [01:00:42] Speaker 25: The environmental dashboard was really kind of built around this science and putting people and humans in connection with how they're using their natural resources. And so what this does is it gives a visual representation of the usage and they put it into the schools. And so it's really gotten a lot more into the community and the teachers are utilizing it in their lessons. [01:01:06] Speaker 26: I want you to pay close attention to the squirrel on the right side and watch what happens. [01:01:12] Speaker 27: As it goes down, he gets sadder and sadder and he starts to cry. [01:01:18] Speaker 26: Why do you think the squirrel got happier or sadder? I noticed that too. [01:01:21] Speaker 27: Well, probably because we're using a lot of electricity at that point, more than we regularly use. [01:01:27] Speaker 24: We did a controlled study where we have another school system very similar to Oberlin's school systems in a different area of Ohio. They've got the same curriculum as we do, but they don't have dashboard. We found as a result of exposure, if you ask them about electricity use, they start talking about emotions. And when you compare students in our school with this other school, they also have more of a community response. When they talk about what needs to be done about energy use, they use the word "we". And in the other school system, they use the word "I". So we've seen real change as a result of, you know, this technology in the school. So, the water showers are moving... [01:02:11] Speaker 1: What is most exciting about this idea is that the dashboards could reconnect us to a range of resources... ..and influence our behaviour. [01:02:24] Speaker 25: It's a way to really engage the community in this discussion, regardless of what race, what education, economic level, in this discussion on sustainability and the environment. [01:02:35] Speaker 1: But awareness of our resource use is just one piece of a complicated puzzle. Another solution that could have a huge impact on our dilemma caught me completely off-guard. [01:02:49] Speaker 8: Probably our biggest surprise was educating girls and family planning. [01:02:59] Speaker 15: You combine these two together, the number one solution to reversing global warming is the empowerment of girls and women. [01:03:14] Speaker 1: So, our daughter starts school next year. And as an Australian, I completely take for granted that she will get to complete her education. And what I'm just learning here is that there are 65 million girls around the world that don't get that opportunity. And there's a host of reasons for that. Some are put to work to support families or they're married off. But on average, those girls will have five or more children. [01:03:47] Speaker 28: So, we found that across the board, and this isn't just countries where there might be a high rates of poverty, even wealthier countries, we know that when girls stay in school for longer and they have access to good reproductive health services, as well as decent work opportunities, that women will tend to delay having children until they're ready. And then they choose to have fewer children from then on. So, what this does as a collective is it slows down the population growth rate, which means that there's less pressure and competition for access to a whole range of resources, whether it's food or water or land. Their children tend to stay in school longer as well. And over time, they sort of break that cycle of poverty. [01:04:28] Speaker 15: So, it's a form of family planning, but it's not coercive, it's not control, it's just empowering girls to be who they want to be. And you have these incredible benefits. [01:04:46] Speaker 5: One child, one teacher, one book, and one pen can change the world. [01:05:00] Speaker 2: So, this could be a pleasant afternoon in a standard city of 2040. [01:05:26] Speaker 1: Freed up space has encouraged a range of new outdoor activities. Imagine, Velvet, you and your cool group of friends have met for a picnic. Although it is unlikely that Princess Elsa will still be part of your crew. My hope is that we are all using resources more wisely. And some of the clever innovations that exist today, except for this drone phone that I did make up to obliterate selfie sticks, [01:06:10] Speaker 9: have been widely adopted. [01:06:13] Speaker 1: Some materials have grown, or made from organic matter. While other materials have been recycled, or break down rapidly. And wouldn't it be terrific if we have not only implemented the smart ways to deal with the billions of coffee cups we send to landfill each year, but each city of the world has followed the lead of Stockholm, who collect their residents' food waste, extract the methane to power their local vehicles, and give the leftovers to farmers to use as a natural fertiliser for their soils. Well played, Sweden. Well played. These behaviour changes in our resource use could be reflected on dashboards throughout our cities, where there used to be ads, even encouraging some healthy competition. In this 2040, my greatest hope, is that girls across the globe, now have access to the same educational opportunities, as you and your friends. The cascading benefits of this, could be greater, than anything else I have discovered. [01:08:29] Speaker ?: So, Velvet, [01:08:32] Speaker 1: this was my story, of a future I hope you get to experience. Your story, and the one that transpires, may be completely different. But what I now understand, is that not only are there so many people, who want to take part in telling a new story, but we have everything we need, right now. to make it happen. [01:09:04] Speaker 22: When you go beyond the dominant media discourse, and get closer to the ground, you will see, everywhere you look, incredible reasons for hope. [01:09:26] Speaker 1: Over the next few years, you may notice, less red meat for dinner, more trips to the compost bin, better search engines, and potentially, a new dashboard in your classroom. If enough of us make these sorts of small changes, when combined, they will make a difference. [01:09:56] Speaker 29: The big banks continue to take a hit, as the public shifts its money away from organisations that support fossil fuels. all over the next few days. [01:10:07] Speaker 1: But of equal importance, is strong leadership. Wouldn't it be terrific, if new leaders emerge, who can navigate us to a better 2040? And just imagine if they used the doughnut framework to create the new story. Coupled with more and more people, finding a defining role within it. [01:10:33] Speaker 15: What we can do, is see where you get lit up, and maybe it's a girl's education, "Wow, I had no idea." Or, it can be food, or it can be farming, or it can be energy, it can be housing, transport. I mean, there's so many areas where you actually, probably do have influence, where you are working, where you can affect change in a way that actually is demonstrable and meaningful to you and others. And it just unleashes the power of innovation, imagination, and creativity, to sit within all people. [01:11:22] Speaker 1: My hope for you, darling, is that sometime in 2040, there's a day when the greenhouse gases in our atmosphere stop increasing, and begin to come down. And the solutions that achieve this, benefit a wide range of people. [01:11:45] Speaker ?: To celebrate, [01:11:47] Speaker 1: there are parties across the globe, for you and your generation. [01:11:52] Speaker ?: The regeneration. [01:11:54] Speaker 1: We'll be right back. [01:12:24] Speaker 3: When I grow up, I want homeless people to have their own homes with their own money to buy their own food and have their own jobs. [01:12:44] Speaker 27: Well, I'd like it to be human instinct, to just look after the world and to care for the world. I would like to see everybody have equal rights and the same living opportunities. I just want the future to be good. [01:13:22] Speaker 1: So, what's your 2040? [01:13:52] Speaker ?: I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. 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I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. I would like to see everybody have a new life. Oh, oh, oh, oh.