PBS News Hour full episode, April 9, 2026

[0:03] Good evening, I'm Amna Nawaz. [0:05] And I'm Jeff Bennett. [0:06] On the NewsHour tonight, the fragile U.S.-Iran truce is holding, for now, as Israel signals [0:11] readiness for direct talks with Lebanon, a day after strikes there threaten to derail [0:16] the ceasefire. [0:17] A new high-powered artificial intelligence model raises major concerns about the potential [0:23] dangers of this technology getting into the wrong hands. [0:27] And Ukraine's military faces a growing problem of desertion from extreme battlefield fatigue [0:33] after years of fighting off Russia's invasion. [0:35] I thought people would be valued. [0:38] I thought there would be some kind of support there. [0:40] Well, I got there, and I realized that the commanders were sending people to their deaths. [0:57] Major funding for the PBS NewsHour has been provided by... 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[2:23] Welcome to the NewsHour. [2:29] Israel has agreed to negotiations with Lebanon as it continued strikes on Beirut today. [2:34] The bombing across Lebanon is jeopardizing the fragile ceasefire between the U.S. and Iran. [2:40] It comes as American and Iranian diplomats are set to meet in Pakistan this weekend. [2:45] But a wide gulf of trust and lack of clarity on demands threatens this possible end to more [2:51] than five weeks of fighting. [2:53] Correspondent Simona Fultin starts our coverage from Lebanon, still reeling from the deadliest [2:58] day of Israeli attacks since the start of the wider war with Iran. [3:04] Rescue teams in Beirut have been working around the clock since Israel unleashed an unprecedented [3:09] wave of attacks yesterday. [3:11] Eighteen people have been pulled dead from the rubble of this building alone. [3:16] There is little hope for the four still buried underneath. [3:19] But the civil defense isn't giving up until everyone is accounted for. [3:24] We are currently carrying out this search and rescue operation the fastest we can. [3:28] We came here so we can implement this mission and so that we can recover the four missing [3:33] victims. [3:34] Volunteer Ali Khalid Heibi came to the capital as part of reinforcements sent from other parts [3:39] of the country. [3:40] There is a drone in the sky right now. [3:41] The strikes are still ongoing. [3:42] Are you worried about your safety? [3:45] It's not just a worry. [3:46] It's a risk above our head. [3:48] This constant annoying sound that's making us nervous. [3:51] So yes, we are a bit distracted, but we will stay here to complete the mission. [3:56] In just 10 minutes, Israeli warplanes carried out more than 100 strikes, killing more than [4:01] 300 and injuring more than 1,000 in one of the bloodiest days in Lebanon's recent history. [4:07] Israel says it was targeting Hezbollah, but the strikes hit densely populated residential neighborhoods [4:12] exacting a heavy civilian toll. [4:15] Scenes of devastation like this one are repeated across the capital, Beirut, in areas that were [4:20] previously deemed safe. [4:22] That perception of relative safety has been completely shattered. [4:25] There is a profound feeling of shock, uncertainty and fear that there are no guardrails to prevent [4:32] this war from escalating further. [4:33] President Trump has pushed Israel to scale back attacks on Lebanon. [4:37] And, today, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu agreed to direct negotiations. [4:41] I instructed the Cabinet to open direct negotiations with Lebanon in order to achieve two goals. [4:48] One, the disarmament of Hezbollah. [4:51] Two, a historic sustainable peace agreement between Israel and Lebanon. [4:55] The direct talks slated to be in Washington would be the first such negotiation between the [5:00] two countries in decades. [5:03] As those negotiations play out, President Trump vowed U.S. troops, aircraft and the fleet of [5:08] warships in the region aren't going anywhere until the, quote, real agreement is reached [5:13] and fully complied with. [5:15] He added, the U.S. military is looking forward, actually, to its next conquest. [5:20] It comes as President Trump has heavily criticized the NATO alliance for what he says is a lack [5:25] of support for the U.S. war effort in Iran. [5:28] Allies are doing everything the United States is asking. [5:31] In Washington, one day after meeting with the President, NATO Secretary-General Mark Rutte [5:36] signaled support for the U.S. military and that the alliance may play a role in securing [5:41] the Strait of Hormuz. [5:42] But what I see when I look across Europe today is allies providing a massive amount of support [5:50] basing, logistics and other measures to ensure the powerful U.S. military succeeds in denying [5:57] Iran a nuclear weapon and degrading its capacity to export chaos. [6:04] But Iran remains defiant. [6:06] The Supreme Leader, Mojtaba Khamenei, put out a statement today declaring victory for the [6:10] Iranian people. [6:11] A news anchor read it out on state TV. [6:14] It is clear before everyone's eyes the dawn of the Islamic Republic's emergence as a great [6:18] power, while the evil is facing the downhill slope of weakness. [6:22] For many Lebanese mourning their loved ones and picking through the rubble of their homes, [6:27] promises of a cease-fire deal, let alone peace with Israel, seem more elusive than ever. [6:32] Raghat Ali Mohamed survived the strike on this building in central Beirut. [6:36] His living quarters were on the lower ground floor, which is likely why he escaped unharmed. [6:41] The dental clinic right above him was completely destroyed. [6:44] I was in my room downstairs, and suddenly the rockets came down, hitting this dental clinic. [6:51] The ceiling came down on us. [6:53] There was no warning. [6:55] The place was full of dust. [6:57] It took 10 to 15 minutes until I could see anything, so I could open the door and escape [7:01] through a small crack. [7:02] Raghat has worked as the building's attendant for five years. [7:06] He knew each and every person who lived here and said none of the residents were affiliated [7:10] with Hezbollah. [7:11] Our building has seven floors. [7:14] All of the residents are civilians. [7:16] There's no one else here. [7:17] The building across the street was also targeted and completely erased to the ground. [7:22] The IDF said it expanded its military campaign to neighborhoods like these because Hezbollah [7:26] had moved outside its traditional areas of control, but it has provided no evidence to support [7:32] these claims. [7:33] In the wake of so much loss, accusations are swirling around, fueled by paranoia and growing [7:39] internal rifts among Lebanese. [7:42] This woman, who lives in the neighborhood, came up to us to say that she saw suspicious [7:46] movements in and out of the building that was demolished. [7:49] She wanted to remain anonymous out of fear for her safety. [7:52] For two years, we've been saying that there are trucks entering the building that we are [7:57] suspicious of. [7:58] They've entered several times. [8:00] We couldn't verify these claims. [8:02] Another neighbor told us that authorities reportedly inspected the building and found nothing. [8:07] Even if Hezbollah was present here, international law still requires Israel to observe principles [8:13] of proportionality and precaution to prevent civilian harm. [8:17] But yesterday's air raids were all but proportional, and they came without warning. [8:22] Lebanon's Prime Minister Nawaf Salam said the government would file a complaint to the UN Security [8:27] Council. [8:28] This dangerous escalation comes in defiance of all international and regional efforts [8:34] to end the war in the region and blatantly disregards the principles of international [8:39] law and international humanitarian law. [8:42] Indeed, it flagrantly violates them. [8:45] The Prime Minister repeated calls to disarm Hezbollah. [8:49] The army and security forces are required to immediately begin enhancing the state's full authority [8:54] across Beirut and restricting arms to legitimate forces only. [8:59] That process was ongoing before the war escalated last month. [9:03] The Lebanese army had confiscated much of Hezbollah's weaponry in Lebanon's south, completing [9:07] the first of a precarious five-phase plan to disarm the militant group. [9:13] But army officials have said it's not feasible to take Hezbollah's weapons by force, and as [9:18] long as Israel keeps attacking and occupying the country. [9:22] For the PBS NewsHour, I'm Simona Fultin in Beirut, Lebanon. [9:27] In recent days, the focus has been on the ceasefire with Iran, tensions in the Strait of [9:31] Hormuz, and Israel's continued strikes in Lebanon. [9:35] But less attention has been paid to the people inside Iran, those who have borne the brunt [9:40] of U.S. and Israeli attacks. [9:42] What are they thinking about this war and about the regime that governs them? [9:46] For that, we turn now to Holly Dagrash. [9:49] She's a senior fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. [9:53] She spent her teenage years in Tehran and now curates The Iranist. [9:56] That's a weekly sub-stack newsletter. [9:59] Thanks for being here. [10:00] Thank you for having me. [10:01] So what are you hearing? [10:02] What has daily life been like for people in Iran, the people that you've been speaking [10:06] with? [10:07] Well, I should note that there's been an Internet shutdown for now 41 days. [10:10] It was state-imposed. [10:11] And so what's petering out of the country is mostly anecdotal. [10:15] And what I'm hearing at this juncture is that a lot of Iranians are confused about what's [10:21] happening. [10:22] There was this unprecedented massacre in January. [10:26] And then the president said that help was on the way. [10:28] And then now the ceasefire happens with the regime that they wanted ousted. [10:33] And they're having to live with that. [10:34] But then there's also a sense of relief from Iranians that were anti-war to begin with, [10:39] or maybe anti-war over time, because they saw all these civilian casualties. [10:43] There have been at least 1,700, according to the group human rights activists in Iran. [10:48] You mentioned the president's rhetoric. [10:51] That social media post earlier this week where he said, quote, a whole civilization will die [10:55] tonight, never to be brought back again. [10:57] I don't want that to happen, but it probably will. [11:00] How was that interpreted by people in Iran? [11:03] So it really shook Iranians. [11:07] I had Iranian-Americans actually reaching out to me and saying, is the president going [11:12] to drop a nuclear weapon on our families in Iran? [11:14] And then we had the White House actually issue a statement saying that that wasn't going to [11:19] be a reality. [11:20] But going back to my original point, I mean, you're saying you want to help the Iranian people [11:25] and oust the regime, and then you're threatening them with getting rid of them as an entire [11:31] civilization. [11:32] And it didn't resonate well at all. [11:33] There were reportedly Iranians fleeing the capital to Iran, stocking up on food, water, [11:39] electricity. [11:40] Some people were saying that their families were saying goodbye. [11:44] They weren't necessarily sure that they'd have electricity and be able to contact the [11:48] outside world or if they would even survive what was going to come, because they were staying [11:53] up all until 3.30 a.m. Tehran time to see what was going to happen. [11:57] So I think it really irked a lot and scared a lot of Iranians across the board. [12:03] You mentioned before the war there were Iranians who opposed the regime and welcomed outside [12:07] pressure. [12:08] Has the way this war has progressed so far, has that changed their point of view? [12:14] I would say arguably, yes. [12:16] Again, we're dealing with the state-imposed internet shutdown. [12:19] We're not getting the full picture, but from what we're seeing is that just based off [12:22] what the president's rhetoric was before the war, during the war, and now with the ceasefire, [12:28] it's not adding up for Iranians. [12:30] And I really... [12:32] The big worry now is that, yes, there's this... [12:34] The war may end, but now the Islamic Republic is going to take revenge on the Iranian people. [12:40] We've seen at least 1,500 people arrested. [12:43] We've seen at least 10 executions. [12:45] Some of those were protesters during the January anti-regime uprising. [12:49] And so there's a real worry about what's going to be waiting for them, because now the Islamic [12:54] Republic is a rump regime, arguably more hard-lined, more repressive, and now more emboldened because [13:01] they've been able to survive this and have control of the Strait of Hormuz. [13:04] When the president suggests that there are Iranians who want the U.S. strikes to continue, [13:10] are you hearing that at all, or is that a misreading of what people actually want? [13:14] Well, you know, I heard that commentary. [13:16] I think that initially, at least, there were some Iranians that were feeling this way. [13:20] But the goalposts of the war have changed. [13:22] This isn't about the ouster of the Islamic Republic. [13:25] It seems like this is about, at this juncture, degrading its military capabilities and leaving [13:30] the people in a worse situation than they were originally. [13:33] And so it's hard to say that this is something that the Iranian people asked for. [13:37] They've asked for the ouster of the Islamic Republic, one that now apparently Vice President [13:42] J.D. Vance and a team are going to be meeting with Islamabad for talks. [13:47] So I don't think this is what the Iranian people want. [13:49] Understanding that no group is a monolith, how has this war reshaped how ordinary [13:55] Iranians view the U.S. and view Israel? [13:58] You know, for a long time, I've said that Iranians were arguably the most pro-American in the [14:09] Middle East, if not the world. [14:11] And I'm not entirely sure how they're going to feel after this war, assuming that the ceasefire [14:16] holds because of what has happened over the past few weeks. [14:20] But I think that there's also a reality that Iranians know how to separate the government [14:26] of the United States from the American people. [14:28] And they have always said that. [14:30] And so I think that we can't put a whole think one sort of thinking for Iranians, especially [14:36] anti-regime Iranians. [14:37] JOHN YANG, WASHINGTON, President of the United States of the United States of the United States [14:39] , thanks as always for your insights. [14:40] HALY DOGRAS, President of the United States of the United States of the United States of the [14:41] United States of America, O.S. [14:52] In the day's other headlines, NASA scientists say they're feeling optimistic as final preparations [14:57] are underway for the return of the Artemis II astronauts tomorrow. [15:01] Reentry into Earth's atmosphere is one of the most dangerous parts of the mission. [15:05] Their Orion capsule is set to hit speeds of nearly 24,000 miles per hour. [15:10] At a press conference today, officials said they had, quote, [15:13] high confidence that all will go smoothly. [15:15] DONALD TRUMP, President of the United States": Tomorrow, the crew is going to put their lives [15:17] behind that confidence. Until then, the flight control team, the engineering team, the recovery [15:22] forces in the Pacific, to every engineer, every technician that's touched this machine, [15:26] tomorrow belongs to you. The crew has done their part. Now we have to do ours. [15:31] NASA also released new photos today showing the astronauts at work during their journey [15:36] around the moon. They're expected to splash down on Friday evening off the coast of San Diego. [15:41] The Justice Department is reportedly investigating whether the NFL used anti-competitive tactics [15:48] in its media rights deals. That's according to several news outlets and was first reported [15:52] by The Wall Street Journal. Fans, regulators and members of Congress have voiced concerns [15:57] in recent months over the cost of watching games now that they're offered across various broadcast, [16:03] cable and streaming platforms. In a statement, the league defended its practices, saying that, [16:08] quote, with over 87 percent of our games on free broadcast television, the NFL has for decades [16:14] put our fans front and center. The U.K. and Norway said today they foiled a covert [16:20] Russian submarine operation to potentially sabotage undersea cables in the North Atlantic. [16:26] Britain's defense minister, John Healy, told reporters that military operation lasted more [16:31] than a month and involved a Royal Navy frigate, aircraft and hundreds of personnel. [16:37] He said the Russian vessels eventually left with no evidence of any damage to cables or pipes. [16:43] At one point, Healy addressed Russian President Vladimir Putin directly. [16:47] We see you. We see your activity over our cables and our pipelines. [16:54] And you should know that any attempt to damage them will not be tolerated and will have serious [17:00] consequences. [17:01] AMNA NAWAZ, Russia has dismissed previous claims of sabotage. [17:05] Undersea cables are crucial for electricity, Internet and global communications, especially [17:10] for the U.K. More than 90 percent of its day-to-day Internet traffic travels through such cables. [17:17] Back here, the nation's fertility rate fell to another record low last year. [17:22] That's according to provisional data out today from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [17:27] There were just over 53 births per 1,000 women of childbearing age in 2025. [17:33] That is down from nearly 54 births the year before and continues a trend that dates back to 2007. [17:40] The overall number of babies born in the U.S. last year also slipped to around 3.6 million. [17:46] One factor driving the decline has been lower birth rates for teens and women in their 20s. [17:52] Emperor penguins are now considered an endangered species as climate change threatens their natural [17:58] habitat. [18:03] The International Union for Conservation of Nature cited a decline in sea ice for its change of status, [18:09] the world's largest and most recognizable penguin species. Emperor penguins rely on this ice to live, [18:15] hunt and breed. Scientists warn that without major cuts to greenhouse gas emissions, [18:20] emperor penguin numbers could be cut in half by the end of this century. [18:25] The group also added the Antarctic fur seal to its endangered species list, [18:30] as rising ocean temperatures affect its food sources. [18:33] On Wall Street today, stocks ended higher amid cautious hopes for a lasting cease-fire in Iran. [18:40] The Dow Jones industrial average added 275 points on the day. [18:44] The Nasdaq rose nearly 200 points, or almost 1 percent. [18:47] The S&P 500 also ended firmly in positive territory. [18:52] And K-pop supergroup BTS kicked off its reunion world tour today, after a nearly four-year hiatus. [19:00] Tens of thousands of fans from all over the world braved the reign at today's kickoff performance [19:13] near Seoul. The downpours didn't dampen the mood for its army of fans, as they're known, [19:19] and the band didn't disappoint, with a set list of more than 20 songs. [19:24] BTS burst back on the scene with a massive one-off concert last month in Seoul. [19:36] All seven members had recently completed South Korea's mandatory military service. [19:41] They head next to Tokyo, before bringing their tour here to North America. [19:46] Still to come on the NewsHour. [19:48] The president's aggressive rhetoric about the war in Iran faces increasing congressional scrutiny. [19:54] We take a look at how people in Israel have been marking Passover in the shadow of war. [19:59] And we go inside Chicago's innovative Steppenwolf Theatre Company as it celebrates 50 years. [20:06] This is the PBS NewsHour from the David M. Rubenstein Studio at WETA in Washington, headquarters of PBS News. [20:17] In a rare public address from the White House, First Lady Melania Trump today denied allegations [20:26] she had a close relationship with convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein and his associate Ghislaine Maxwell. [20:32] Our White House correspondent Liz Landers joins us now with more. So, Liz, what did the First Lady say? [20:37] This was an extraordinary statement from a First Lady that we rarely see have this kind of public statement. [20:44] She spoke for just six minutes or so from the grand foyer there in the White House. [20:49] And she distanced herself from Jeffrey Epstein and his co-conspirator Ghislaine Maxwell. [20:54] Listen to some of what she said. [20:56] Never had any knowledge of Epstein abuse of his victims. [21:02] I was never involved in any capacity. [21:06] I was not a participant, was never on Epstein's plane and never visited his private island. [21:15] She pushed back on what she says are numerous fake images and statements about her relationship [21:22] with Epstein. There is one real photograph of Melania and Donald Trump photographed together [21:28] with Jeffrey Epstein and Ghislaine Maxwell. And also, the Department of Justice released [21:33] an e-mail exchange between Melania Trump and Ghislaine Maxwell. She said that that e-mail [21:39] should not be considered anything more than a trivial note. And I should add, Jeff, [21:44] that Melania Trump has never been accused of any wrongdoing in connection with Jeffrey Epstein and [21:48] Ghislaine Maxwell. What about the timing, though? Why is this happening now? [21:51] I reached out to the First Lady's office to ask them this. We did not hear back from them. [21:56] President Trump himself was asked by an MSNOW reporter if he knew about this. He said he didn't [22:01] know anything about the statement prior to it happening, which was also rather extraordinary. [22:06] We don't know what prompted the First Lady's statement today. However, the First Lady and the journalist [22:12] Michael Wolff have been involved in a legal back-and-forth over some reporting that he [22:16] has said about her and Epstein. Melania Trump's lawyer sent him a letter to demand that he retract [22:22] and apologize for linking Melania to Epstein. In response, he sued her last year, saying that [22:29] she was threatening to file a billion-dollar lawsuit against him in an attempt to intimidate him. [22:34] OK. Liz Landers, our thanks to you, as always. [22:36] LISA DESJARDINS- Democrats in Congress tried unsuccessfully to limit President Trump's war [22:58] powers in Iran. While Republicans blocked the move today, it highlights a major unresolved [23:03] issue to take up when Congress fully returns from recess next week. [23:06] At the same time, there's growing concern among Democrats and some of the president's allies [23:12] over the language he's used this week, including that, quote, a whole civilization will die [23:17] as negotiations with Iran continued. Congressional correspondent Lisa Desjardins [23:22] is here now with how Congress is responding to the ongoing war. So, Lisa, let's start with [23:27] Congress and what specifically we expect when they come back. [23:29] LISA DESJARDINS- In terms of action, Democrats in both chambers are planning to force [23:33] roll-call votes on their resolution to end military action in Iran and force the president to get [23:39] congressional consent before he does any more. Now, that kind of move has failed in the Senate [23:44] before. I expect it to fail again. But House Democrats think they may have a chance of a [23:48] symbolic victory there. They need just two Republicans, depending on who shows up, to pass [23:53] it. And they think with that civilization quote and with the back and forth over the ceasefire, [23:57] the confusion, that maybe they have a shot there. We also expect Democrats to keep pounding away [24:03] at the idea of the 25th Amendment. Many of our viewers know that's the part of the Constitution [24:08] that says a majority of the Cabinet can vote to remove the president. Now, we spoke with [24:13] Constitutional Law Professor Michael Gerhardt about this. He said the drafters may have had a good [24:18] idea when they wrote that, but it's really impractical. [24:22] SEN. MICHAEL GERHARDT, It is, I think, unimaginable to expect [24:28] a Cabinet to be turned, an entire Cabinet to turn against the president who put them there. [24:35] In this situation, it's even less likely because the president chose people for their loyalty. [24:43] LISA DESJARDINS, And he says there really is zero chance that he sees this Cabinet moving [24:49] on Trump in that way at this time. However, Democrats here are making a political point, [24:54] really. They don't have the ability to push Trump out. They don't have the votes. They don't have [24:57] the power. They want to put all of Trump's negatives on Republicans as we head into a midterm. [25:03] LISA DESJARDINS, So let's talk more about those Republicans, [25:05] how they're reacting to the president's rhetoric and his approach to Iran. They may not necessarily [25:09] want to remove him, but they're not exactly seeing this the same way, are they? [25:13] LISA DESJARDINS, Yeah. You know, I said this on Twitter, and it caused or acts, [25:16] I should say. It caused a little bit of controversy. But really, I did not see [25:19] the kind of avalanche or tidal wave of support that we usually see for President Trump's big [25:24] decisions from Republicans. That's not to say there was no support. There was some, [25:28] including from Burgess Owens. He's a congressman from Utah. And he wrote this [25:33] as the ceasefire news came across saying it was a very positive step and that he added Iran has [25:38] been allowed to inflict terror for too long. But in contrast, look at Alaska Senator Lisa [25:43] Murkowski and what she wrote. She said the president's threat to wipe out Iran's civilization [25:48] just cannot be excused away. And it is an affront to the ideals our nation has sought to uphold [25:54] for 250 years. That's a fellow Republican. What about Republican leaders was one of my main [26:00] questions? There you see House Speaker Mike Johnson, Senate leader John Thune. Neither one of them, [26:06] even to this day, has had any direct words about the president's actions in Iran, the ceasefire, [26:13] none of it. So their lack of comment, I think, is noteworthy. Meanwhile, who is going on social media? [26:18] Let's look at some faces, some loud voices from the right who used to be very big Trump supporters. [26:25] Now they're blasting the president for his Iran war policy from Marjorie Taylor Greene and Tucker [26:30] Carlson to Megyn Kelly there and Alex Jones. So when Congress returns next week, expect all of [26:36] these dynamics for Republicans to collide. What about the Democrats then? What is your [26:40] reporting show on whether they will actually try to impeach President Trump? It's a passionate debate [26:45] behind the scenes, especially for House Democrats right now. They know that they don't really have [26:49] the votes to get it through the House or the Senate, but they are concerned about what they see. [26:53] And they also their base is pushing them to make a point. There are some, for example, like Senator Andy [26:59] Kim, who says Republicans should join in the impeachment effort. [27:03] We know that Trump is unfit to be commander in chief. He's dragged us into an unconstitutional, [27:09] deeply unpopular and senseless war of choice with no plan, no strategy about what happens next and how [27:17] we get out of this. And let's be honest, this war is not going well. It's making your life more [27:23] expensive and less safe. Enough. But many Democrats say, wait a minute, we get into an impeachment fight that [27:29] we know we're probably going to lose. That gets in the way of our bigger messages, which he's trying to get at [27:34] on affordability this year. You're going to be tracking all of this in the days ahead. Lisa Desjardins, [27:39] thank you very much. You're welcome. Anthropic announced this week it has begun limited [27:57] testing of its newest AI model called Mythos, one the company says is so powerful it could cause [28:03] widespread disruption if released to the public. It's just generally better at pursuing really long-range [28:11] tasks that are kind of like the tasks that a human security researcher would do throughout the course [28:17] of an entire day. Obviously, capabilities in a model like this could do harm if in the wrong hands. [28:23] And so we won't be releasing this model widely. For now, Anthropic is giving more than 40 tech [28:29] companies, including some rivals, access to Mythos to test it and identify vulnerabilities across [28:35] systems. But even that move is raising concerns. For a closer look at all of this and the implications, [28:41] we're joined now by Garrett Vandewick, who covers AI for The Washington Post. Thanks for being with us. [28:46] Of course. So help us understand the concern here. What specifically makes this model different from [28:52] other AI models and why is there so much, frankly, fear around it? The specific concerns that are being [28:59] called out here is that this model is really good at finding gaps in software that hackers could [29:04] exploit. So right now, all software has bugs, but software is pretty complicated and you need to [29:09] really know what you're doing in order to sift through all that code to find something that you [29:14] could then use to hack into a system. And what Anthropic is saying and some of the independent [29:19] cybersecurity experts that they've also given access to this model to are saying is that this can [29:24] essentially do that automatically. It can sift through all sorts of code. Something that might take [29:29] humans who are very good at this months to do, it can do in minutes or hours. And so the concern here is [29:36] that if this is sort of out in the public, anyone can use it, that anyone who wants to hack into any [29:41] kind of software for whatever reason would be able to do it using this technology. And that's why [29:46] the company is saying at least they're sort of keeping it under wraps for now. [29:50] Keeping it under wraps, but also giving, as we mentioned, some 40 other companies, including [29:54] Microsoft and Nvidia access in part to strengthen their own cyber defenses. What do we know about that [30:00] decision? Does sharing it more widely actually reduce the risk or potentially increase it? [30:07] Yeah. I mean, there is a bit of a precedent here in cybersecurity. Often if one company finds some [30:13] lack in another company's software, instead of just giving it to the public and creating a situation [30:18] where that other company could be hacked, they will sort of go behind the scenes and say, [30:22] hey guys, we found this. You might want to fix this before the rest of the world figures it out. [30:27] And so I think it's sort of in that tradition that they're doing this. But of course, [30:31] some people are saying, hey, now we have all these powerful tech companies that have access to this [30:35] allegedly extremely powerful tool for cybersecurity. Well, is it also powerful for other things, [30:41] you know, other things that they could use to, you know, increase their business, get an edge on [30:45] other companies? So there are some complaints that, you know, if this thing is really so good, [30:49] why don't you let the rest of the world actually see it for themselves? And then we can decide what to [30:53] do with it. Logan Graham, who's one of Anthropix researchers, suggested that if this, [30:59] this AI program were fully released, it could force widespread software updates, [31:04] eventually exposing weaknesses everywhere. Is that a realistic scenario or is he in some ways [31:10] overstating it? Yeah, potentially. I mean, it's difficult because, you know, besides these companies, [31:16] no one has really been able to get their hands on it. I think we always need to take these big AI [31:20] companies with a grain of salt. It's not the first time an AI company has said, oh my goodness, [31:25] our new technology is so powerful, we should be afraid of it. You know, it's great marketing, [31:29] right? Because if something is so powerful that it could, you know, change the world or cause chaos, [31:34] it's also very powerful for doing other things. And so I think we need to be careful. You know, [31:39] I don't, I'm not necessarily saying that Anthropic is lying or misleading the public here. I, [31:43] I'm sure they are very legitimate about these concerns, but I do think that we're already in a [31:48] situation where cybersecurity is pretty atrocious. I mean, everyone's personal data has been hacked at some [31:54] point. If anyone really wants to get into a software system, if they have the resources, [31:59] the, you know, incentive, they will probably be able to do it. We already live in a world where [32:03] software is broken and needs to be updated constantly, right? Every time you open your [32:09] operating system, it's probably pinging you to update the apps that you have on your computer, [32:13] right? That's because of the cybersecurity situation we have right now. And in the same way that this [32:19] mythos technology could be used to hack into computers, it could also be used to defend [32:24] against hacks. And so a lot of the cybersecurity experts are saying, look, yes, this is concerning, [32:29] but we can also use this technology. The good guys can also use it to protect us. And so it doesn't [32:35] necessarily completely change that balance of power that we have right now. Well, say more about that [32:40] because there is this strange disconnect where you have now even the AI companies themselves warning [32:45] about the potential dangers. And this is as the AI companies are also racing to release more powerful [32:51] systems at the same time. What accounts for that? Yeah. I mean, I think, you know, it's very easy to [32:58] sort of point that and say like, look, like what's really going on here. And I think, you know, each AI [33:02] company is slightly different. They have different incentives, but it's true. I mean, they are all in this [33:07] extremely competitive race to build the best AI system. It's very expensive to train these things. It costs [33:14] hundreds of millions of dollars to develop each new version of this AI technology. And very few [33:20] companies are able to do it. And the entire tech industry is in agreement that this is, you know, [33:24] the most important technology to come out probably since the internet itself. And so there's a huge [33:29] amount of money that is incentivizing the development of this technology. At the same time, a lot of the [33:34] people who work at these companies do legitimately believe that there are concerns that it could be used [33:39] for cybersecurity. It could be used for misinformation. It could, you know, some people even believe that it [33:44] could, you know, become so smart in the coming years that humans are, you know, challenged to [33:49] keep it under control. And so I do think that those are real beliefs held by some people at these, [33:54] these, these companies, and yet they are locked in this competitive dynamic. [33:59] Garrett DeVink covers AI for the Washington Post. Garrett, thanks again for being with us. [34:16] Ukraine's military says it's facing a growing problem of desertion. Experts estimate [34:21] approximately 150,000 service members may be missing from their units as the war grinds [34:27] through its fifth year. Soldiers cite extreme fatigue caused by long deployments without rotation, [34:33] anger at orders seen as suicide missions, and forced mobilization. Special correspondent Jack [34:39] Hewson reports on one young soldier who says these pressures pushed him beyond his breaking point. [34:44] We've changed the names and voices of some of the subjects in this report to protect their identities. [34:50] Across Ukraine's towns and villages, tens of thousands of former soldiers hide from a duty [34:57] they can no longer face. For many, like Andrey, it wasn't always this way. He signed up to fight [35:03] willingly in 2023. I couldn't just sit there, healthy and young, and not go defend my country. [35:10] I thought there was something to fight for. When Andrey arrived at the front in Bakhmut, [35:15] in eastern Ukraine, he was just 18 years old. But his youthful enthusiasm to defend his country [35:21] quickly turned. At first, he was sheltered from frontline missions, according to his comrade, [35:26] Sasha. He was the youngest among us. To be honest, he was like a child. He didn't understand where he [35:36] had come from. He was a little confused. As he became an accomplished fighter, Andrey's youthful [35:42] enthusiasm and patriotic zeal would be tainted by his perception of the battalion's leadership. [35:47] I thought people would be valued. I thought there would be some kind of support there. Well, [35:51] I got there and I realized that the commanders were sending people to their deaths. It was crazy. [35:57] It was this allegedly flippant attitude towards life and the pressures of the command that he [36:02] believes led to the suicide of a friend, Denis Boyko, a frontline position in early 2024. [36:08] I went into the kitchen and saw the soldier lying there, his head gone. I just saw that and froze. [36:15] I just stared at him and that was it. I couldn't even understand anything. I just stared at him, [36:20] his head gone. It was just crazy. Boyko recorded his suicide on the eve of a dangerous assault mission [36:28] he didn't want to complete. He filmed the suicide note on his phone before shooting himself in the [36:32] head with his assault rifle on camera. The man couldn't take the pressure because the commander [36:37] put a lot of pressure on him. The man shot himself and he was only 20 years old. Chief Sergeant [36:43] Vladimir Tracz was also present at the time. He agreed with Andrey that Boyko had been pressured, [36:48] but he said other factors were also in play. He had a fight over his girlfriend, a little alcohol, [36:55] a little unprofessional work by a psychologist with him the day before and plus the pressure [37:00] from the command. And this young man simply couldn't cope. Deeply traumatized by the incident, [37:06] Andrey's mental health would deteriorate over 2024 as he was sent on ever more dangerous missions, [37:11] often stranded on the hard front without adequate ammunition or even food and water. [37:16] They fried snakes there and ate them. I drank water from puddles through a straw. I wanted to drink so [37:23] badly. What would soon prompt Andrey's desertion were a series of catastrophic missions in Krasnoharivka [37:29] in 2024. Missions he says convinced him he could no longer trust his commanders. [37:33] We have a battalion. We just entered Krasnoharivka in 2024. And our battalion was immediately bombed, [37:41] everything. It was just awful what was happening. Just a few people survived. One soldier next to [37:46] me is suffocating. The other has no legs. The commander says, evacuation will be in a couple [37:52] of days. He says, well, that's how it is. He says, you can't do anything. Just endure it. I'm in shock. [37:57] I'm sitting there thinking, what's going on? Lucky to survive that bombardment, Andrey would eventually [38:02] be wounded in a drone attack. After only a few days in hospital, he returned to the front where his [38:08] commanding officer told him he would be deployed on an assault mission the following day. This was [38:13] his breaking point. He said, you're going to storm the building. I say, no, that's it. I'm done. I say, [38:23] I endured two and a half years, endured, endured, endured. And now I say you're a scumbag. Will you [38:28] come with me? He said, no, that's it. Then the sergeant took my machine gun because I wanted to shoot him, [38:35] our commander. They took my machine gun away from me. The commander just said, [38:39] if you are killed, it doesn't matter. I will send new soldiers. He's not a commander. He's just a [38:43] monster. The commander Andrey is referring to is Major Alexei Kuchurenko. Andrey's comrade, [38:49] Sasha, also complained that Kuchurenko's decisions had repeatedly cost lives and almost cost him his own. [38:56] After returning from one mission, having lost men, he said Major Kuchurenko merely mocks them. He said, [39:02] guys, you fought badly. Not many of you died. Couldn't you fight better? No? Then they'll [39:08] replace you and send you to even deeper places. Chief Sergeant Tach also identified Major Kuchurenko [39:15] as a factor in Andrey's eventual desertion, but said he was symptomatic of a broader failure. [39:22] I can name Major Kuchurenko, the battalion commander at the time, but I emphasize this is a systemic problem. [39:29] I must say that Major Kuchurenko's fault, in my opinion, lies in his incompetence and in supporting [39:34] this system that doesn't work. If you talk to Major Kuchurenko, he will say that he is a great guy [39:40] and the company commander is a fool. Sorry for being frank. Well, and so on. The company commander [39:46] will say that he is a great guy and that it is the sergeant who gave the order, et cetera. [39:52] Amid the grim brutality of the front, throughout last year, Ukraine saw a sharp rise in soldiers deserting. [39:58] Thousands have walked off of the front line. Soldiers and some commanders describe exhausted [40:03] infantry units collapsing rotations, forced conscription and resentment at leadership failures. [40:10] If in 2022, 2023, we had one or two, maximum three people in the unit who became deserters, [40:17] then since 2024, there have been tens of thousands across the country. And this means that this is a [40:23] systemic problem. Why is it now that the numbers are escalating so quickly with regards to desertion? [40:30] The reason is, again, very simple. Mobilization, how it is carried out. [40:35] Tkach is referring to the forced mobilization that has seen thousands of men, in some cases, [40:41] literally pulled off of the streets into minibuses, a phenomenon dryly referred to as busification, [40:47] and then shipped on to the front. [40:49] And when human rights are violated, you should not expect that this person will become a super [40:58] patriotic hero. [40:59] MALCOLM BRABANT, Former U.S. Secretary of State of State, [41:00] Shortly after our interview with Andrei, we discovered that he had been arrested by military [41:06] police and, despite his debilitating PTSD, was being forced back to front-line duty. [41:12] He managed to talk to us briefly over a video call at a detention center in Dnipro. [41:17] Andrei, Former U.S. Secretary of State of State, [41:20] There are people like me here. They were deserters, and they were also caught. Some were caught by military [41:25] registration office employees and brought here. I don't know what they're doing here. I am very [41:30] angry, very angry. They don't want to send me for treatment. I tell them I have torn ligaments in [41:36] my body and a traumatic brain injury. My eardrums are ruptured. I have shrapnel inside me. And they say, [41:43] you'll come to the battalion like this, and only then will we decide what to do. People here treat me badly. [41:49] Andrei was forced to stop filming by the guards at the detention center. He was taken back to the [41:59] front line a few days later. Within weeks, we learned he had deserted once again. Responding to [42:05] the allegations made in this report in a written statement, the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense said [42:09] that any instances of misconduct were categorically unacceptable and had no place in their ranks. [42:15] Additionally, they stated that the fact should be reported for legal assessment, and if confirmed, [42:20] appropriate disciplinary action should be taken. We made multiple requests for comment from the [42:25] command of the 21st Special Purposes Battalion and from Major Kuchurenko, but received no response. [42:31] Despite the injustices described by soldiers in this report, all stress their pride in their service [42:37] and in their national cause. But forcing men to fight against their will is compounding desertion numbers [42:43] and degrading morale. For the PBS NewsHour, I'm Jack Hewson in Ukraine. [42:57] This year, Easter and Passover coincided not only with each other, but with the war in Iran. [43:03] And that led to subdued holidays in Israel. Gatherings were restricted in size, [43:08] and access to Jerusalem was severely limited. Producer Karl Bostic and Nick Schifrin have this [43:13] report on Passover in Israel under fire. [43:16] This year in the Holy Land, the holidays turned into tests of faith. [43:25] Residents in Matula, Israel's northernmost town, rush inside whatever reinforced room [43:30] offers seconds of safety. The sirens of incoming Hezbollah rockets or missiles [43:35] provide only 15 seconds of warning. [43:37] Opa! [43:39] Opa! [43:41] What sounds like distant booms, outgoing Israeli air defense on the first day of Passover. [43:46] We are not safe. We cannot celebrate together, like, each year, every year. [43:53] It was a missile hit here. This is the car. Damage no more. [44:01] NICK SCHIFRIN MIRRIYAM HOOD shows producer Karl Bostic the aftermath of a Hezbollah strike [44:06] just last week. This car on her street, full of pockmarks, her hotel pierced by shrapnel. [44:13] She owns the base Shalon. She says Passover doesn't feel as it should. [44:17] NICK SCHIFRIN MIRRIYAM HOOD, Holy Week is supposed to help inaugurate spring. But for [44:29] many of the faithful this year, that joy was missing. And, instead, weeks of war left emptiness. [44:35] What should have been a full Western Wall was instead deserted because of restrictions on group [44:40] gatherings during the war. In northern Israel, with Lebanon in the distance, that means a town [44:45] largely evacuated. One of Matula's residents, who stayed behind, [44:49] This is the traditional food for Pesach, is both spiritual guide and protector. [44:57] Israel Pakter is a reservist on duty and a rabbi in Matula. [45:01] He helps residents hold on to their spirit and their homes. [45:04] The end of this street, it's Lebanon. And Hezbollah also thought it's a very good [45:12] idea to start with us. And he started. [45:14] NICK SCHIFRIN MIRRIYAM HOOD, The end of this street, it's Lebanon. And Hezbollah also thought it's a very good idea to start with us. And he started. [45:17] During the war with Iran, Israel says Hezbollah fired more than 2,100 drones and missiles into northern Israel. [45:24] The rockets, fire, whatever it's going to be, we are here to protect our community, [45:30] me and my friends. And we do it 24 hours a day. [45:35] NICK SCHIFRIN MIRRIYAM HOOD, We first met Pakter two years ago, [45:39] when he and his wife Sarah were evacuated following the October 7 terrorist attacks [45:43] and the 2023 war between Israel and Hezbollah. [45:46] Part of the winning is to keep our morality up. [45:50] NICK SCHIFRIN MIRRIYAM HOOD, Today, Israel has invaded southern Lebanon to create what it [45:53] calls a security belt along the border, so Matula's residents can remain if they choose. [45:58] MIRRIYAM HOOD, Today, Israel, of course, it's not peaceful and quiet now like regular. [46:02] And a lot of families went out only for Pesach. [46:05] NICK SCHIFRIN MIRRIYAM HOOD, Today, Israel, Many Matula residents fled here, [46:07] Tiberias, 40 miles to the south, an ancient biblical city on the Sea of Galilee, [46:12] where scripture says Jesus walked on water. [46:14] And it's a temporary home for the displaced, to mark the moment the Jews gained freedom from a [46:24] vengeful pharaoh in Egypt. Moshe Weinstein leads the Passover Seder [46:29] with his family and Matula residents. But one is missing. His son, Omer, was killed in October [46:35] 2024 by a Hezbollah rocket. Omer was supposed to inherit the family farm from his father. [46:41] His gravestone overlooks the outskirts of Matula. [46:44] Omer, If I had stayed in the synagogue and prayed 24-7 for a son like Omer, [46:51] I wouldn't have received one. [46:52] NICK SCHIFRIN MIRRIYAM HOOD, If I had stayed in the synagogue and prayed 24-7 for a son like Omer, I wouldn't have received one. [46:52] NICK SCHIFRIN MIRRIYAM HOOD, Across the table from him, his son-in-law, Mushi Wagshal. [46:56] Omer, This is the husband of my son-in-law. [46:59] NICK SCHIFRIN MIRRIYAM HOOD, And the Wagshals continued the family business [47:03] on the same land, where the family has lived more than a century. [47:07] Omer, Despite being there for five generations, have you ever thought about getting Matula? [47:12] NICK SCHIFRIN MIRRIYAM HOOD, We returned after the war. [47:17] Our daughter asked us not to return. We promised her that at the first siren, we would leave. [47:33] Omer, We haven't kept that promise. The current war started, and we stayed in Matula. [47:47] NICK SCHIFRIN MIRRIYAM HOOD, Because, on this holiday that marks Jews' escape [47:50] from bondage toward the biblical promised land, they hold on to their homes in the face of war. [47:56] For the PBS NewsHour, I'm Nick Schifrin. [47:58] NICK SCHIFRIN MIRRIYAM HOOD, Deppenwolf Theatre Company has long been one of the nation's [48:12] most influential ensemble companies, known for the actors it's launched and the groundbreaking work it's [48:18] produced. Now, it's marking its 50th season, at a moment of real uncertainty for theaters across [48:25] the country. Senior arts correspondent Jeffrey Brown traveled to Chicago for our arts and culture [48:30] series, Canvas. JEFFREY BROWN, I think if I had stayed in the theater. [48:34] JEFFREY BROWN, A production of Dance of Death, a play by August Strindberg, [48:39] being presented in a modern adaptation. [48:41] JEFFREY BROWN, I'm growing old. [48:42] It's horrible, but it is interesting, I'd imagine. [48:46] JEFFREY BROWN, For actor Jeff Perry, it's yet another opportunity to do his thing, [48:50] now 50 years on, at the theater company he helped create. [48:54] JEFFREY BROWN, It feels like wishes fulfilled. [48:59] JEFFREY BROWN, It does? [49:00] JEFFREY BROWN, A place built of artists by artists and for artists is an exceedingly rare experiment. [49:09] JEFFREY BROWN, Rare to start, rarer still to last. [49:13] Steppenwolf Theatre's roots go back to the early 1970s. [49:17] A group of teenage friends in a Chicago-area high school, then at Illinois State University, [49:23] and then a do-it-yourself theater company, co-founded by Perry, Terry Kinney and Gary Sinise, [49:29] putting on shows in a church basement in Chicago. [49:32] JEFFREY BROWN, Here's what we thought simultaneously, I think, is the truth. [49:36] We're going to change the face of American theater, and we will probably fall apart within a month or two. [49:42] JEFFREY BROWN, You tell him that I got a couple projects, he might be incident. [49:46] JEFFREY BROWN, It would become an important incubator of American theater. [49:50] Actors, including John Malkovich, here with Sinise in a groundbreaking 1984 production [49:56] of Sam Shepard's True West. [49:57] I never thanked you for saving my life. [50:00] JEFFREY BROWN, I never thanked you for saving my life. [50:01] JEFFREY BROWN, Sinise himself would become best known as Lieutenant Dan in the 1994 film Forrest Gump, [50:06] Laurie Metcalf, well-known for her time on the hit series Roseanne, Joan Allen, Amy Morton, [50:14] Martha Plimpton, more recently Carrie Coon, playwrights including Tracy Letts, whose August [50:21] Osage County won the 2008 Pulitzer Prize, and Rajeef Joseph and Terrell Alvin McCraney. All of them and [50:29] more, along with several directors, are to this day ensemble members of Steppenwolf, meaning they work [50:35] together in different shows over many years. [50:38] JEFFREY BROWN, It sounds different every time you do it. [50:41] JEFFREY BROWN, And whatever else they do in theater, TV or film, they can and do come back to work at [50:47] Steppenwolf. In 2016, as he rehearsed a new play written for his Steppenwolf colleagues, Letts told [50:53] me that the freedom and sense of security that comes with the ensemble approach is priceless. [50:58] LETTS, I can afford to take chances. I can afford to make a fool of myself. [51:03] JEFFREY BROWN, They'll keep you around anyway. [51:04] LETTS, They'll keep me around anyway, and they'll tell me. They'll tell me to my face, [51:09] you didn't get this right. JEFFREY BROWN, Success can be counted in many ways, [51:13] including the number of shows 18 that have transferred to Broadway over the years, [51:18] winning 14 Tony Awards. LETTS, You said your daddy was some sort of reverend, [51:24] but not like this kind of reverend. JEFFREY BROWN, Among them, Purpose, [51:28] a Steppenwolf commission, which also won a 2025 Pulitzer for playwright Brandon Jacobs Jenkins. [51:35] He told me then what it meant to work directly with the theater company. [51:39] BRANDON JACOBS- I'm designing the game board for these incredible artists to, like, [51:43] every night find a new way through the story that might ping differently, create different emotions. [51:48] Everything in this play was sort of inspired by the acting ensemble that emerged from it. [51:52] JEFFREY BROWN, You can't be sneaking up on a man like that when he's fresh out. [51:55] JEFFREY BROWN, Among the Purpose cast, Glenn Davis, who now has an even more daunting offstage [52:01] role, serving with fellow ensemble member, director and actor Audrey Francis, [52:06] as Steppenwolf's co-artistic directors. [52:09] JEFFREY BROWN, 50 years is a long time to keep a group of 17-year-olds together [52:14] and still performing together and still liking each other and enjoying being in the room together. [52:19] So that's an accomplishment. JEFFREY BROWN, And then getting new generations of 17-year-olds. [52:22] JEFFREY BROWN, Yeah, and then adding new folks. [52:23] BRANDON JACOBS- I think that when Glenn and I took the role on, [52:26] it was really as we were coming out of the pandemic. [52:28] Why would anyone take on a leadership role of a nonprofit arts organization, [52:33] in particular, live theater at that time? [52:35] JEFFREY BROWN, The answer, to keep a place that has nourished them and several previous generations [52:41] alive and thriving. But Francis and Davis, who both, in a sense, grew up as theater professionals here, [52:47] face a host of challenges. Steppenwolf, in recent years, greatly expanded its theater and public areas, [52:54] more space to use, but also to fill. And it's not immune from the societal and other changes [53:01] now roiling American theater generally. [53:03] JEFFREY BROWN, The structural mechanics of doing theater today are very difficult. We used to do [53:08] twice as many shows as we do now. So, being able to employ the same number of artists becomes more [53:14] difficult, because you don't have as many shows, you don't have as many roles. [53:18] Those difficulties are all over the place. So, we try as best we can to manage those and [53:23] move through them as seamlessly as we can. [53:26] JEFFREY BROWN, There's also the reality of American politics today. [53:30] Chicago has been one center of the Trump administration's crackdown on immigration. [53:34] Davis and Francis say the theater's core values and programming won't change. [53:39] JEFFREY BROWN, I don't feel necessarily a pressure to program something that is commenting on something [53:46] that's happening right now, because everything is happening so fast. What I do feel is an obligation [53:51] to our city to make sure that we're providing a place that is thoughtful, intentional, can be fun, [53:57] can be challenging. [53:59] JEFFREY BROWN, Every one of these bring up memories. [54:03] JEFFREY BROWN, And so, 50 years on, Jeff Perry and his colleagues are still at it. [54:08] JEFFREY BROWN, It's almost entirely a nomadic profession. [54:13] JEFFREY BROWN, Mm-hmm. [54:14] JEFFREY BROWN, This held the promise, at least, of an ongoing family of choice. [54:24] And it proved, as the years went on, how it really is that. [54:28] JEFFREY BROWN, For the PBS NewsHour, I'm Jeffrey Brown at Steppenwolf Theater in Chicago. [54:37] JEFFREY BROWN, And that is the NewsHour for tonight. I'm Amna Nawaz. [54:53] JEFFREY BROWN, And I'm Jeff Bennett. For all of us here at the NewsHour, thanks for spending part of your evening with us. [54:57] JEFFREY BROWN, Major funding for the PBS NewsHour has been [55:01] provided by in our economy for 160 years. BNSF, the engine that connects us. [55:31] JEFFREY BROWN, Certified financial planner professionals are proud to support PBS NewsHour. [55:36] CFP professionals are committed to acting in their clients' best interests. [55:40] More information at letsmakeaplan.org. [55:42] JEFFREY BROWN, The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, [55:45] established to create positive outcomes for future generations. [55:49] And friends of the NewsHour, including Leonard and Norma Klorfine, [56:01] and the Judy and Peter Blum Kovler Foundation. And with the ongoing support of these institutions. [56:08] And friends of the NewsHour, this program was made possible by the contributions to your PBS station [56:28] from viewers like you. Thank you. [56:31] JEFFREY BROWN, The Gordon and the