Thomas Massie Moves To Impeach Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth In Congress — AC1D

[0:00] and sustaining hostile United States military actions in Iran after both chambers of Congress [0:06] agreed to House Concurrent Resolution 86, thereby disregarding Congress' express and [0:12] lawful direction that the United States Armed Forces be removed from such hostilities, [0:19] and failing and refusing to take all necessary steps within his authority as Secretary of [0:24] Defense to withdraw United States Armed Forces from hostilities in Iran, and directing the [0:31] Department of Defense to ignore duly agreed concurrent resolution, thereby substituting [0:39] the judgment of the executive branch for the constitutional and statutory judgment of Congress, [0:44] and nullifying Congress's exercise of its war powers. Through these actions, Secretary [0:50] Hegseth knowingly executed and sustained unlawful orders that treated the executive [0:55] branch as possessing authority to determine when war may be commenced, how long it may [1:01] be sustained, and whether Congress's direction to terminate hostilities must be obeyed. [1:07] By implementing those orders, he effectuated in practice the unilateral continuation of [1:12] military operations against Iran despite Congress's exclusive constitutional authority to declare [1:19] war and despite Congress's formal action directing the removal of United States Armed Forces from [1:25] hostilities. This abuse of office frustrated Congress's ability to exercise its most solemn constitutional [1:33] responsibility, enabled the continuation of an unlawful war, and ignored and thus nullified the [1:40] fundamental safeguard designed to prevent United States Armed Forces from being used at the will of [1:46] the executive alone. In all of this, Secretary Hegseth has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as [1:52] Secretary of Defense and subversive of constitutional government, to the great prejudice of the cause of [1:59] law and justice, and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. [2:04] Wherefore, Secretary of Defense Peter Hegseth, by such conduct, has demonstrated that he will remain a threat to the Constitution, [2:11] if allowed to remain in office, and has acted in a manner grossly incompatible with his duties and the rule of law. [2:18] Peter Brian Hegseth thus warrants impeachment and trial, removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States. [2:31] Article 3. Waging War in Contravention of the War Powers Resolution of 1973, Section 5B The Constitution provides that the House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment, and that civil officers of the United States [2:49] including the Secretary of Defense shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. [2:58] In his conduct while Secretary of Defense, Peter Brian Hegseth, in violation of his oath to support and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty to take care that the laws be faithfully executed, especially with regard to the Commission of War, has abused the powers of the Department of Defense in that, [3:18] The Declare War Clause of the United States Constitution, Article 1, Section 8, Clause 11, vests in Congress the exclusive initiatory powers of war, while the Military, Administrative, and Clemency Clause of the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1, establishes the President as the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and vests in him operational control over wars lawfully authorized by Congress. [3:45] In an effort to statutorily delineate the circumstances under which the President may introduce United States Armed Forces into hostilities absent Congressional authorization, the 93rd Congress of the United States enacted into law House Joint Resolution 542, the War Powers Resolution of 1973, Public Law 93-148, by overriding the veto of President Richard Nixon. [4:12] Secretary Hegseth carried out unlawful orders and continues to do so in contravention of Section 5B of the War Powers Resolution of 1973, Section 1544B of Title 50, United States Code. [4:28] Section 5B of the War Powers Resolution of 1973 provides that, [4:35] Within 60 calendar days after a report is submitted or required to be submitted to Congress by the President of the United States, upon the Executive introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances, [4:57] which ever, whichever is earlier, the Executive shall terminate any use of United States Armed Forces unless Congress has declared war or enacted a specific authorization for such use of the United States Armed Forces, [5:12] has extended by law such 60-day period, or is physically unable to meet as a result of an armed attack upon the United States. [5:21] Section 5B further provides that, [5:25] Absent a formal Congressional Declaration of War, specific statutory authorization for the use of military force, or an extension of the 60-day period enacted into law during that period, [5:36] Such 60-day period shall be extended for not more than an additional 30 days if the President determines and certifies to Congress in writing that unavoidable military necessity respecting the safety of the United States Armed Forces requires the continued use of such armed forces in the course of bringing about a prompt removal of such forces. [5:59] With respect to the United States Armed Forces being entered into hostilities in the Islamic Republic of Iran and indicating reliance on and felty to the War Powers Resolution of 1973 as legal justification for entering United States Armed Forces into hostilities with Iran, [6:18] Without the initiatory authority of Congress, President Donald J. Trump transmitted on March 2, 2026, a letter informing Congress of action taken consistent with the War Powers Resolution, Public Law 93-148, [6:34] Pursuant to 50 U.S. Code 1543A3, Public Law 93-148, Section 4A 87, Statute 555, and 50 U.S. Code 1543B, Public Law 93-148, Section 4B 87, Statute 555, [6:57] concerning hostilities that had commenced in Iran on February 28, 2026. [7:03] In the 60-day period following said transmission, Congress did not enact and still has not enacted any declaration or specific statutory authorization for the use of United States Armed Forces in hostilities against Iran or extend the applicable 60-day period by law, [7:24] despite remaining physically capable of meeting and carrying out its constitutional responsibilities. [7:30] Moreover, President Donald J. Trump did not submit the written certification required to invoke the additional 30-day withdrawal period by May 1, 2026. [7:41] Even assuming the President had validly invoked that separate and limited 30-day extension, it would have likewise expired on June 1, 2026, [7:52] without lawful cause or excuse and despite the Executive's initial observance of the reporting requirements under Section 4A of the War Powers Resolution, [8:03] Section 1543A3 of Title 50 United States Code, [8:08] through the President's transmission to Congress of a letter acknowledging the commencement of the statutory timeline, [8:15] Secretary Hegseth continued to direct, authorize, and sustain the use of United States Armed Forces in hostilities in the Islamic Republic of Iran, [8:26] after the expiration of every potential applicable statutory period. [8:32] Secretary Hegseth continued such hostilities after the 60-day period on May 1, 2026, [8:38] and after June 1, 2026, the date on which even the maximum possible additional 30-day withdrawal period would have expired, [8:48] despite the absence of a declaration of war, specific statutory authorization, or extension enacted by Congress. [8:56] Secretary Hegseth further contravened the limited purpose of any such additional 30-day withdrawal period [9:02] by directing United States Armed Forces to continue engaging in hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran [9:09] in a manner calculated not to terminate the unauthorized use of such forces and bring about their prompt removal, [9:16] but rather to continue prosecuting the war to pursue additional military objectives not authorized by Congress, [9:24] and has therefore directed the Department of Defense in violation of Section 1544B of Title 50 United States Code. [9:32] Secretary Hegseth abused the powers of his high office through the following means. [9:37] Directing, authorizing, and sustaining hostile United States military actions in Iran [9:42] after the expiration of the 60-day period established under Section 5B of the War Powers Resolution of 1973, [9:49] despite the absence of a declaration of war, specific statutory authorization, or an extension enacted by Congress, [9:58] continuing to direct and sustain hostilities in Iran in the pursuit of additional military objectives [10:06] during and after the expiration of any potentially applicable additional 30-day period, [10:11] notwithstanding that such 30-day period could be used only when required by unavoidable military necessity [10:18] respecting the safety of the United States Armed Forces in the course of bringing about their prompt removal, [10:25] as certified as necessary by the President of the United States, [10:28] a certification never transmitted to Congress by President Donald J. Trump, [10:33] pursuant to Section 1544B of Title 50 United States Code, [10:38] and failing to refuse to take all necessary steps within his authority as Secretary of Defense [10:45] to terminate the unauthorized use of the United States Armed Forces [10:50] and promptly withdraw such forces from hostilities in the Islamic Republic of Iran, [10:55] and directing the Department of Defense to treat the mandatory termination requirement as discretionary, [11:02] thereby substituting the judgment of the executive branch for the constitutional and statutory judgment of Congress, [11:08] and nullifying the express command that the unauthorized use of United States Armed Forces shall be terminated. [11:16] Through these actions, Secretary Hegseth knowingly executed and sustained unlawful orders that, in practice, [11:23] displaced the constitutional and statutory judgment of Congress by permitting the executive branch to determine when war may be commenced, [11:31] how long it may be sustained, and whether statutory deadlines governing unauthorized hostilities must be obeyed, [11:38] and whether a war may continue after the expiration of every period permitted by law. [11:45] In all of this, Secretary Hegseth has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as Secretary of Defense [11:51] and subversive of constitutional government, to the great prejudice of the cause of law and justice, [11:57] and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. [12:01] Wherefore, Secretary of Defense Peter Hegseth, by such conduct, [12:05] has demonstrated that he will remain a threat to the Constitution if allowed to remain in office, [12:11] and has acted in a manner grossly incompatible with his duties and the rule of law. [12:17] Peter Brian Hegseth thus warrants impeachment and trial, removal from office, [12:22] and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States. [12:31] Article IV. Ignoring laws that minimize civilian casualties. [12:36] The Constitution provides that the House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment, [12:41] and that civil officers of the United States, including the Secretary of Defense, [12:45] shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and in conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. [12:53] In his conduct as Secretary of Defense, and in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of Secretary of Defense, [13:01] and to the best of his ability to preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, [13:08] and in violation of his constitutional duty to take care that the laws be faithfully executed, [13:14] especially during the Commission of War, [13:16] Peter Brian Hegseth has abused the powers of the Department of Defense. [13:21] In that, using the powers of his office, Secretary of Defense Peter Hegseth directed the Department of Defense [13:29] in a manner that resulted in the death or injury of more than 200 civilians at the Shajaray Tayebay Elementary School [13:39] in Manab, Hormozgan Province, Iran. [13:44] He did so through a scheme or course of conduct that effected the systematic deterioration and removal [13:51] of Department of Defense infrastructure that Congress had mandated by law to limit collateral damage to civilians [13:58] and non-military objects during military operations. [14:02] While doing so, Secretary Hegseth also cultivated a war-making culture at the Department of Defense, [14:08] which he boasts as being dismissive of, quote, [14:12] stupid rules of engagement, unquote, with preference for, quote, [14:16] maximum lethality, not tepid legality, unquote. [14:20] Such combination chilled and rendered ineffective components of the Department of Defense [14:26] responsible for preventing, mitigating, and responding to civilian harm. [14:31] By directing the Department of Defense in a manner that foreseeably dismantled the safeguards necessary [14:37] to distinguish civilian objects from military objectives, Secretary Hegseth thereby effectuated the murder of civilians [14:46] and abused the trust of the men and women under his command by requiring them to conduct military operations [14:52] within a targeting and legal review system that he had deliberately degraded. [14:58] This undermined the integrity and diplomacy of the United States and its armed forces. [15:03] He thus ignored and injured the interests of the nation. [15:06] Secretary Hegseth engaged in this scheme or course of conduct through the following means. [15:11] Secretary Hegseth willfully disregarded and acted to defeat the requirements of Section 184 of Title X United States Code [15:19] by systematically dismantling civilian protection infrastructure. [15:25] In that, Secretary Hegseth submitted a legislative proposal to Congress on May 29, 2025, requesting a repeal of Section 184 of Title X United States Code, [15:39] the statutory requirement for civilian protection systems at the Department of Defense. [15:43] Even as Congress had fully funded such systems for fiscal year 2025 and fiscal year 2026. [15:51] And after Congress did not enact the requested repeal, Army officials nevertheless confirmed that such civilian harm mitigation activities had been halted. [16:02] Secretary Hegseth intentionally stalled and reversed implementation of the Civilian Harm Mitigation and Response Action Plan, CHMRAP. [16:12] and rendered ineffective the Civilian Protection Center of Excellence, CPCOE, [16:20] despite it being congressionally mandated by Section 1082 of the James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act, Public Law 117-263, [16:33] and Section 936 of the John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act, Public Law 115-232. [16:42] Secretary Hegseth eliminated funding for the Army's Casualty Tracking Database, the institutional system for recording and verifying civilian harm reports. [16:52] So that should civilians be harmed as a result of the United States military action, [16:57] there would be no functioning system within the Department of Defense to review, verify, and report on such harm. [17:03] Secretary Hegseth willfully refused to ensure that DOD components receive adequate resources to satisfy CHMR requirements, [17:15] including by removing more than 90 percent of civilian harm mitigation and response staff assigned to combatant commands. [17:24] Secretary Hegseth failed by the end of fiscal year 2025 to satisfy any of the 11 objectives or complete 133 actions mandated by Congress for the prevention and mitigation of civilian harm during armed conflict, [17:39] thereby rendering every such component of the Department of Defense's civilian harm prevention apparatus partially or totally ineffective by the time the United States military combat operations against Iran began in early 2026. [17:56] Secretary Hegseth removed, without reason or cause, the senior-most Judge Advocates General of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, [18:06] thereby undermining independent legal oversight of combat operations and legal advice to commanders on the law of armed conflict. [18:15] Secretary Hegseth promulgated the 2026 National Defense Strategy with all references to civilian protection omitted, [18:25] marking a deliberate and unprecedented departure from prior defense policy that had recognized, in accordance with law, civilian harm mitigation as a strategic priority. [18:37] Secretary Hegseth, from the outset of his tenure, instigated a department culture hostile to the law of armed conflict and the protection of civilians, [18:47] through his public and repeated denigration of rules of engagement as, quote, [18:52] UNLAWFULLY RENAMING THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE [19:02] by executive the ADMINISTRATION for the U.S. [19:04] SECRETARY HEGTH, OF US SUCCESS WE. [19:10] quote, don't fight with stupid rules of engagement, unquote. Upon lawfully renaming, [19:16] upon unlawfully renaming the Department of Defense, the Department of War, on September 5th, [19:23] 2025, he poetically proclaimed, quote, maximum lethality, not tepid legality, violent effect, [19:32] not politically correct, unquote. During his confirmation hearing on January 14th, 2025, [19:39] he told the Senate Armed Services Committee he had, quote, thought very deeply about the balance [19:45] between legality and lethality, ensuring that the men and women on the front lines have the [19:49] opportunity to destroy with and close the enemy, and that lawyers aren't the ones getting in the [19:56] way, unquote. Secretary Hegseth undermined effective journalistic oversight by expelling the traditional [20:03] Pentagon press corps and imposing credentialing rules that restricted journalists from soliciting [20:10] or publishing unapproved materials, thereby weakening independent reporting on civilian harm on matters [20:16] affecting the welfare and safety of the United States service members by journalists most familiar [20:22] with the Department of Defense. These actions were not isolated administrative or rhetorical choices. [20:28] Taken together, they degraded the personnel, institutional systems, independent legal review, [20:34] and civilian protection safeguards upon which the Department of Defense relies to verify the [20:40] current status of proposed targets, distinguish civilian objects from military objectives, [20:47] reassess targets as circumstances change, and prevent or mitigate civilian harm. The foreseeable [20:54] consequences of Secretary Hegseth's scheme manifested in the United States strike on the Shajarra [21:02] Tayabe Elementary School, which killed and injured more than 200 civilians and exposed systemic failures [21:10] in the Department of Defense targeting process. The events of that strike and the reported events [21:17] leading to it are as follows. On the morning of February 28, 2026, at approximately 9.45 a.m. local [21:25] time, the United States, in partnership with Israel, launched Operation Epic Fury, commencing the [21:31] 2026 Iran War. Within the first hour of the U.S.-Israeli offensive into southern Iran, three BGM-109 Tomahawk [21:41] cruise missiles fired from United States Navy warships impacted the elementary school between 10.23 and 10.45 a.m. local [21:51] time. Because the war was commenced mid-morning on a Saturday, the first day of the Iranian work week, [21:59] students were in attendance at the school. Despite an attempted evacuation of the school, at the time [22:06] of the first cruise missiles impact, between 170 and 264 students were present in the facility, [22:13] most of whom were girls between the ages of 7 and 12. Whereas it is unclear how many casualties were [22:20] inflicted by the first impact, which caused a partial destruction of the structure and the [22:25] collapse of its roof, it is reported that students were then sheltered in a prayer room deeper in the [22:31] facility, waiting for rescuers, when a second and a third missile in rapid succession impacted the [22:39] building. Reported death tolls from the strikes on the elementary school indicate that at least 156 [22:45] civilians were killed, with some reports suggesting the civilian death toll surpassed 170. Those killed [22:53] include at least 120 school children, 26 teachers, seven parents attempting to evacuate their children, [23:01] a school bus driver, a pharmacy technician from a nearby clinic, and the six-month-old unborn child of one [23:09] the teachers also killed in the attack. An estimated 95 other individuals were wounded. Under United [23:16] States military doctrine and the law of armed conflict, which Secretary Hegseth is obligated to [23:22] uphold, the lawfulness of an attack does not depend solely upon whether civilians were deliberately [23:28] selected for the purpose of harming them. The obligations of distinction, target verification, [23:35] and feasible precaution require military decision makers to determine in good faith that an object [23:41] is a lawful military objective on the basis of information reasonably available at the time. [23:48] A failure to undertake the verification and review required by those obligations may render an attack [23:54] unlawful, a failure directly caused by Secretary Hegseth's dismantling of key infrastructure designed [24:02] to prevent such errors. With respect to the strike on the elementary school, those institutional failures [24:07] manifested in systemic non-compliance with Department of Defense targeting and doctrine and legal guidance. [24:15] The strike on the elementary school was not an isolated targeting failure divorced from the conduct [24:21] of the Secretary of Defense, nor can Secretary Hegseth's conduct be dismissed as a single targeting error [24:28] or an isolated failure in the fog of war. The elementary school was struck after Secretary Hegseth [24:34] sought to repeal congressionally mandated civilian protection requirements, dismantled the department's [24:40] civilian harm mitigation infrastructure, removed the senior most judge advocates general responsible [24:46] for independent legal oversight, stripped civilian protection from the national defense strategy, [24:52] and publicly denigrated legal restraints on military force as obstacles to maximum lethality. [25:00] He thereby weakened nearly every institutional safeguard designed to minimize civilian casualties inflicted [25:07] by the United States military, and then presided over a targeting process in which a functioning [25:13] elementary school was struck three times, killing and wounding more than 200 civilians, mostly children. [25:20] Such conduct reflects not merely a failure of judgment, but an extraordinary abuse of the powers [25:25] entrusted to the Secretary of Defense and a profound disregard for the civilians his department was [25:31] obligated to protect and the service members he was entrusted to lead. In all of this, Secretary Hegseth [25:39] willfully and systemically refused to comply with laws and directives mandated for the protection of [25:46] civilians during the commission of armed conflict, chilled and rendered ineffective such components to prevent [25:53] and mitigate harm to civilians, and therefore foreseeably effected the death and injury of over 200 civilians to the [26:00] manifest injury of the United States. Wherefore, Secretary of Defense Peter Hegseth by such conduct has demonstrated [26:08] that he will remain a threat to civilians, the lawful conduct of the United States military operations, [26:16] the integrity and credibility of the United States Armed Forces, and the Constitution, if allowed to remain [26:22] in office, and has acted in a manner grossly incompatible with his duties and the rule of law. Peter [26:28] Brian Hegseth thus warrants impeachment, trial, removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any [26:35] office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States. Article 5, extrajudicial killings. The [26:44] Constitution provides that the House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment, and that [26:49] civil officers of the United States, including the Secretary of Defense, shall be removed from office on [26:55] impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. In his conduct as [27:01] Secretary of Defense, Peter Brian Hegseth, in violation of his oath to support and defend the [27:07] Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty to take care that the [27:13] laws be faithfully executed, especially with regard to the Commission of War, has abused the powers of the [27:20] Department of Defense in that, using the powers of his office, Secretary of Defense Peter Hegseth directed the [27:27] Department of Defense in a manner that resulted in the extrajudicial killings of at least 243 persons [27:36] aboard seagoing vessels alleged to be smuggling narcotics in the Caribbean Sea and the eastern [27:44] Pacific Ocean, principally in international waters. He did so through a scheme or course of conduct that [27:51] chilled independent legal review within the Department of Defense, constructed a purported legal basis for the [27:58] use of military force without constitutional or statutory authorization, and displaced long-standing [28:04] precedent and codified maritime law enforcement practices that are jurisdictionally assigned to [28:13] the Coast Guard and law enforcement agencies, by substituting in such place the use of summary [28:19] lethal force by Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps elements. While doing so, Secretary Hegseth also [28:27] oversaw orders denying corridor and failing to provide rescue, including secondary strikes against [28:34] shipwrecked survivors who were ordered to combat and the abandonment of shipwrecked survivors at sea, [28:41] thereby endangering members of our own armed forces in future military engagements, by encouraging [28:48] adversaries to subject American service members to the same treatment, by subjecting persons merely [28:54] suspected of criminal conduct to lethal military force without judicial process, without congressional [29:01] authorization, and without establishing a lawful basis for treating such persons or vessels as military [29:08] targets, Secretary Hegseth arrogated to himself and the executive branch the roles of judge, jury, and [29:15] executioner, and asserted a unilateral power to determine who may live and who may die. Such a power is foreign to the rule of law, [29:25] repugnant to the legal traditions and fundamental values of the United States and the Western world, [29:31] and contrary to the United States law and customary international law. This conduct undermined the integrity [29:38] and credibility of the United States and its armed forces, damaged the diplomatic standing of the United [29:43] States, and injured the interests of this nation. Secretary Hegseth engaged in this scheme or course of [29:50] conduct through the following means. Secretary Hegseth authorized strikes beginning on September 2, 2025, [29:58] without authorization from Congress pursuant to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 11 of the United States Constitution. [30:04] And in the absence of a declaration of war, specific statutory authorization for the use of military [30:10] force, or a national emergency created by an attack upon the United States, its territories, or possessions, [30:17] or its armed forces, as provided in Chapter 33 of Title 50 United States Code, Secretary Hegseth ordered and [30:25] oversaw the strike campaign against seagoing vessels alleged to be smuggling narcotics in international waters, [30:33] comprising at least 69 separate attack events, 46 in the eastern Pacific Ocean, 21 in the Caribbean Sea, [30:42] and two in unspecified locations, which at least struck 73 vessels and killed at least 243 individuals. [30:51] In doing so, Secretary Hegseth displaced the statutory framework established by Sections 70503 and 70504 of Title 46, [31:02] United States Code, under which Congress expressly treated maritime narcotics offenses, including [31:09] conduct occurring on the high seas, as federal crimes subject to apprehension, prosecution, [31:14] and trial in an appropriate United States District Court, and instead treated such offenses as predicates [31:22] for lethal military targeting. Secretary Hegseth disregarded the statutory restrictions in Section [31:29] 274 and 275 of Title 10 United States Code governing direct participation by members of the Army, Navy, [31:38] Air Force, or Marine Corps in civilian law enforcement activities, including federal narcotics enforcement, [31:44] by employing lethal military force against persons suspected of drug trafficking, absent any [31:50] congressionally enacted authorization for the use of military force, or other statutory authorization for such [31:56] direct military action. Secretary Hegseth disregarded the maritime law enforcement framework established [32:03] by Sections 102 and 522 of Title 14 United States Code, as well as Section 279 of Title 10 United States Code, [32:12] under which only the Coast Guard is authorized to conduct interdiction, search, seizure, and arrest. And he [32:18] did so by directing members of the Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps to employ lethal military force [32:26] in place of the law enforcement process. Secretary Hegseth established targeting guidelines for such strikes [32:33] on August 5, 2025, by issuing an executive order, by issuing an execute order, directing the use of United States [32:46] military force against persons alleged to be members or affiliates of certain designated terrorist [32:52] organizations, as follows. Secretary Hegseth established guidelines that used designated terrorist [32:59] organizations as a targeting category, notwithstanding that term is not a congressionally created designation [33:06] conferring authority to use military force, did not require positive identification of any targeted person, [33:13] but instead required only reasonable certainty that such person was a member or an affiliate of a [33:19] designated terrorist organization, a threshold lower than the near certainty standard established for drone [33:25] strikes on suspected al-Qaeda militants during the congressionally authorized global war on terror, [33:31] and did not require the presence of weapons or narcotics on targeted vehicles, sorry, vessels alleged to be [33:39] smuggling narcotics in association with a designated terrorist organization. Secretary Hegseth in the [33:46] course of such strikes oversaw orders resulting in the denial of quarter and the failure to provide timely [33:53] rescue for shipwrecked survivors of initial strikes, including on September 2, 2025, during the first strike of the [34:01] campaign, the United States Navy attacked a seagoing vessel carrying 11 persons between the coast of Venezuela [34:08] and the nearby Caribbean nation of Trinidad and Tobago. The strike destroyed and capsized the vessel. [34:18] Approximately 45 minutes later, while two survivors clung to the wreckage, a secondary strike was ordered, [34:24] killing both survivors. In doing so, Secretary Hegseth has endangered members of our armed forces in future [34:30] military engagements by encouraging adversaries to subject our American service members to the same [34:38] treatment. And on December 30, 2025, United States Southern Command attacked three vessels approximately [34:45] 400 nautical miles southwest of Ocos Guatemala in the eastern Pacific Ocean, killing three persons and [34:52] leaving eight other shipwrecked. Although the campaign had been underway for approximately four months, [34:58] no recovery assets had been pre-positioned to rescue survivors. Rescue assets did not arrive until [35:05] approximately 45 hours after the strikes, by which time all eight shipwrecked survivors had died at sea. [35:13] In doing so, Secretary Hegseth has endangered members of our own armed forces in future military [35:19] engagements by encouraging our adversaries to subject our American service members to the same treatment. [35:27] Secretary Hegseth took actions to preempt, constrain, and overcome independent legal objections within the [35:33] Department of Defense concerning the lawfulness of such strikes, including Secretary Hegseth removed the [35:39] senior-most Judge Advocates General of the Army, Navy, and Air Force without stating a reason or cause, [35:45] thereby foreseeably chilling the exercise of independent legal judgment by Judge Advocates, tasked with [35:52] advising military commanders on the lawfulness of combat operations, and subsequently stating at a Pentagon [35:59] press conference on February 25, 2025, that he did not want military lawyers to serve as roadblocks to [36:07] orders that are given by a commander-in-chief. Secretary Hegseth employed an interagency group of lawyers [36:14] comprising four career officials and four political appointees from the Department of Defense, the Office of [36:20] the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Central Intelligence Agency, the White House, and the Office of Legal Counsel, [36:26] to develop a classified memorandum purporting to establish a legal basis for such strikes, and to address [36:33] anticipated objections to their execution, falsely asserting the following, that the United States [36:40] is engaged in non-international armed conflict with 24 Latin American-designated terrorist organizations, [36:49] thereby attempting to displace the governing law enforcement framework, as established in paragraph 2, [36:55] and substitute an armed conflict framework for the conduct of military operations against such [37:02] organizations, despite the absence of congressional authorization for such military action. Not [37:08] withstanding that, pursuant to Little v. Barham, 1804, and Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA, 2014, [37:18] an executive branch legal memorandum cannot enlarge authority conferred by Congress or legalize conduct [37:24] otherwise unauthorized by statute, that the strikes do not constitute hostilities within the meaning of [37:32] Chapter 33 of Title 50, United States Code, because they do not place United States personnel in danger, [37:39] presumptively on the basis that such vessels are incapable of self-defense, a predicate that would likewise mean that any [37:47] military action conducted by drone or any airstrike against a target lacking air defense capabilities [37:53] could also not constitute hostilities. That the designated terrorist organizations are engaged in [37:59] armed violence against the security forces of allied nations, including Mexico, and such violence is [38:05] financed through cocaine trafficking, such that the strikes may be characterized as attacks against [38:10] cocaine shipments and the deaths of persons aboard targeted vessels as collateral damage, a rationale [38:19] inconsistent with the execute order targeting guidelines described in Paragraph 3, which did not [38:25] require narcotics to be present aboard a targeted vessel, and instead authorized targeting based on [38:31] alleged designated terrorist organization membership or affiliation. Secretary Hegseth abused the authority and [38:38] trust vested in him as Secretary of Defense, not only by directing the unlawful use of lethal military force, [38:45] resulting in the summary execution of at least 243 persons in international waters, but also by using his [38:52] office to compel members of the armed forces to carry out such operations under false legal authorities that he [38:59] caused to be constructed and imposed upon the chain of command. In denying quarter and refusing rescue, [39:07] Secretary Hegseth endangered members of our United States Armed Forces in future military [39:13] engagements by encouraging adversaries to subject our American service members to such treatment. [39:19] Secretary Hegseth further endangered United States law enforcement personnel by substituting lethal [39:26] military targeting for the established maritime law enforcement practices of interdiction, search, [39:32] seizure, arrest, and prosecution. By demonstrating that vessels merely suspected of narcotics trafficking [39:39] may be destroyed and their occupants killed rather than interdicted and arrested, Secretary Hegseth [39:46] foreseeably increased the likelihood that persons aboard such vessels will perceive future encounters with [39:54] United States authorities as threats to their lives and respond with lethal force rather than surrender. [40:01] In this manner, his conduct not only endangered the persons unlawfully targeted by the strike campaign, [40:08] but also made lawful enforcement of the United States narcotics laws at sea more dangerous for [40:13] the Coast Guard and other federal personnel charged with carrying them out. In all of this, Secretary Hegseth has [40:20] acted in a manner contrary to his trust as Secretary of Defense and subversive of constitutional government, [40:27] to the great prejudice of the cause of law and justice, and to the manifest injury of the people [40:32] of the United States of America. Wherefore, Secretary Hegseth, by such conduct, has demonstrated that he [40:39] will remain a threat to civilians and the laws of war, the integrity of the United States diplomacy, [40:45] and the Constitution, if allowed to remain in office, and has acted in a manner grossly incompatible with his [40:51] duties and the rule of law, Peter Brian Hegseth thus warrants impeachment and trial, removal from [40:57] office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United [41:03] States. Article 6. Suppressing Free Speech. The Constitution provides that the House of Representatives [41:13] shall have the sole power of impeachment, and that civil officers of the United States, including the [41:17] Secretary of Defense, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, [41:23] bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. And his conduct while Secretary of Defense, Peter [41:29] Brian Hegseth, in violation of his oath to support and defend the Constitution of the United States, [41:34] and to faithfully discharge the duties of his office, abused the powers entrusted to him by retaliating [41:40] against a member of Congress for constitutionally protected speech, and attempting to subject a member [41:47] of a co-ordinate branch of government to executive branch punishment for the exercise of his [41:53] legislative and oversight responsibilities. In that, on November 18, 2025, Senator Mark Kelly, [42:02] a retired United States Navy Captain and National Aeronautics and Space Administration astronaut who flew [42:10] 39 combat missions during the first Gulf War and who sits on the Senate Armed Services Committee [42:16] and the Senate Intelligence Committee, appeared in his official capacity as a senator in a video [42:23] addressed to members of the United States Armed Forces, stating, quote, our laws are clear, [42:29] you can refuse illegal orders, unquote. Despite such a statement being consistent with decisions in [42:36] United States v. Kenan, 1969, and United States v. Kali, 1973, Secretary Hegseth weaponized the [42:47] Department of Defense to retaliate against and intimidate Senator Mark Kelly for such a statement. [42:54] Secretary Hegseth did so despite the fact that Senator Kelly is a sitting United States Senator [43:00] who cannot fulfill his role in representative government if he fears executive branch reprisals [43:06] for expressing his views. As the Supreme Court held in Bond v. Floyd, 1966, quote, [43:14] representative government requires that legislators be given the widest latitude to express their views [43:20] on issues of policy, unquote. Members of Congress, moreover, enjoy speech or debate immunity under [43:27] Article 1, Section 6, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution. And Senator Kelly, as a retired service [43:34] member, is entitled to the full breadth of First Amendment protection. Using the powers of his office, [43:41] Secretary Hegseth retaliated against and sought to intimidate United States Senator Mark Kelly [43:47] for his statement through a scheme or course of conduct intended to interfere with Congress's [43:52] constitutional authority to oversee the executive branch. Grossly expand Article 2 powers at the [43:59] expense of both the legislative and judicial branches of government and establish a precedent [44:05] that would chill the protected speech of millions of retired United States service members and inflict [44:12] irreparable harm on their First Amendment freedoms. Secretary Hegseth engaged in this scheme or course [44:17] of conduct through the following means. On November 24, 2025, the Department of Defense, [44:24] through a social media post on X, threatened that Senator Mark Kelly could be recalled to active duty for [44:31] court martial proceedings or administrative measures for his statement. On November 25, 2025, [44:39] Secretary Hegseth directed the Secretary of the Navy to review Senator Kelly. On January 5, [44:45] 2026, Secretary Hegseth issued a secretarial letter of censure against Senator Kelly for [44:52] a saying you can refuse illegal orders b saying he would always defend the Constitution c questioning the [45:04] legal the legality of military operations as a member of the Senate Armed Services and Intelligence [45:10] committees d criticizing military leadership Hegseth for surrounding themselves himself with yes men and e [45:19] allegedly accusing Secretary Hegseth of war crimes. In the letter of censure, Secretary Hegseth also [45:27] threatened Senator Kelly with criminal prosecution or further administrative action including the reduction [45:33] of Senator Kelly's retired military grade should the Senator continue to question the legality of [45:40] military operations or criticize Secretary Hegseth. In response to a January 12, 2026 complaint filed by [45:49] Senator Mark Kerry against Secretary Hegseth for retaliating against and intimidating the Senator for [45:55] his First Amendment protected speech, Secretary Hegseth filed a memorandum of opposition to Senator Kelly's motion [46:03] for a preliminary injunction, egregiously asserting that a Senator Kelly, as a retired naval officer, [46:12] has diminished First Amendment protections, b Department of Defense actions against Senator Kelly's [46:18] constitutional rights constitutional rights due to his statements relating to military affairs and his [46:23] being a retired naval officer constitute non-judiciable military personnel decisions, c Secretary Hegseth's [46:35] opinions supersede the court's jurisdiction to determine whether the government could censure, [46:41] threaten, and financially punish Senator Kelly because of his speech, and d Senator Kelly is required to [46:47] exhaust military administrative remedies before seeking relief in an Article III court, thereby seeking [46:54] to place the adjudication of Senator Kelly's constitutional rights within military processes controlled by the [47:00] executive branch. Thus, in addition to abusing the powers of the office of the Secretary of Defense for [47:07] politically motivated reprisal against Senator Kelly for the Senator's criticism of conduct implicating potential war [47:16] crimes, Secretary Hegseth grossly violated or sought to violate the separation of powers by attempting to [47:22] subordinate both the legislative and judicial branches in matters concerning constitutional rights to the [47:29] authority of the Department of Defense. In the same effort Secretary Hegseth sought without precedent to extend to [47:37] retired service members the diminished First Amendment protections applicable to active duty service members [47:44] under Parker v. Levy in 1974, including retired service members serving in Congress and [47:51] exercising constitutional oversight over the military. He further asserted, in substance, that the military, [47:59] rather than Article III courts, possesses supremacy to determine the constitutional rights of civilians [48:05] and to adjudicate whether its own actions conform to the Constitution and the laws of the United States, [48:10] at a minimum with respect to the speech of retired service members, despite such position being in [48:17] flagrant conflict with Marbury v. Madison, 1803, which holds that it is emphatically the province and duty [48:26] of the Judicial Department to say what the law is, not the military. The result of such effort, had Secretary [48:34] Hegseth been successful, would have subjected the speech and congressional oversight activities of [48:40] nearly 20 percent of the current Congress, and whatever proportion of future Congresses may consist of [48:46] retired service members, as well as the speech of millions of other retired service members, to the will [48:52] and discretion of the Department of Defense, without any immediate avenue of recourse outside the Department to vindicate [49:02] their constitutional rights. Such a result would constitute one of the most extraordinary expansions of [49:08] executive branch power in the history of the United States. In all of this, Secretary Hegseth abused [49:14] the powers of the Department of Defense by retaliating against and attempting to intimidate a sitting [49:20] United States Senator through threats of punishment for speech protected by the First Amendment to the United [49:26] States Constitution in an effort to deter that Senator from fulfilling his constitutional role in overseeing [49:34] the executive branch. In doing so, Secretary Hegseth weaponized the Department of Defense to chill a core [49:41] function of the legislative branch, encroach upon the constitutional role of the judicial branch by seeking [49:47] to insulate such retaliation for meaningful judicial review, and, through the precedent he sought to establish, [49:56] place the First Amendment rights of millions of United States veterans at risk of irreparable harm. [50:02] Wherefore, Secretary of Defense Peter Hegseth, by such conduct, has demonstrated that he will remain a [50:08] threat to the Constitution and the separation of powers, if allowed to remain in office, and has acted in [50:14] a manner grossly incompatible with his duties, the rule of law, and the constitutional liberties entrusted to [50:20] his protection, Peter Bryan Hegseth thus warrants impeachment and trial, removal from office, and [50:28] disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States. [50:34] Article 7, kidnapping of a sovereign foreign leader. The Constitution provides that the House of [50:41] Representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment, and that civil officers of the United [50:46] States, including the Secretary of Defense, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and [50:51] conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. In his conduct of the Office of [50:59] the Secretary of Defense, and in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the Office [51:05] of Secretary of Defense, and to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of [51:11] the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty to take care that the laws be faithfully [51:17] executed, especially during the Commission of War, Peter Bryan Hegseth has abused the powers of the [51:23] Department of Defense in that, using the powers of his office, Secretary of Defense Peter Hegseth directed [51:30] the Department of Defense to carry out an unprecedented military operation, codenamed Absolute Resolve, [51:38] to capture and kidnap President Nicolas Maduro, the leader of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, [51:46] and his wife, Celia Flores, from Venezuela, an act of war against a sovereign country executed under the [51:53] guise of narcotics law enforcement, though in actuality intended to assert U.S. control over [52:00] Venezuela's oil reserves. In doing so, he gambled the lives of Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps [52:07] personnel in order to facilitate the illegal taking of national oil. To wit, immediately following such [52:15] attack, Secretary Hegseth appeared alongside President Donald J. Trump, during which the [52:20] President announced, in reference to Venezuela, quote, we're going to run the country until such [52:27] time as we can do a safe, proper, and judicious transition. So we don't want to be involved with [52:34] having somebody else get in. And we have the same situation that we had. We're going to run it, [52:41] essentially. And we're going to have our very large United States oil companies, the biggest anywhere in [52:50] the world, go in and start making money. And we are ready to stage a second and much larger attack [52:56] if we need to do so, unquote, thus revealing the motives behind the forcible removal of President [53:04] Maduro, which extended far beyond the narcotics law enforcement rationale on which the operation [53:09] was falsely predicated. On January 3rd, 2026, Secretary Hegseth directed United States Armed Forces into [53:17] hostilities in and around Caracas, Venezuela, employing more than 200 United States Special Operations [53:24] personnel on the ground, and more than 150 aircraft and drones, including fighter aircraft, bombers, [53:30] armed helicopters, and electronic warfare aircraft, supported by a substantial naval force that [53:36] included the Iwo Jima Amphibious Ready Group and the Gerald R. Ford Carrier Strike Group, which together [53:44] penetrated Venezuelan territory, suppressed and destroyed Venezuelan air defenses, struck multiple [53:50] targets in the Caracas area, inserted an armed ground force into Caracas to seize Maduro, successfully [53:58] kidnapped Maduro, killed at least 83 people, including several civilians, and caused seven American [54:04] casualties. In doing so, Secretary Hegseth executed unlawful orders affecting the removal of the president [54:14] of a sovereign nation, placed boots on the ground, conducted preparatory bombardments, inflicted substantial [54:21] casualties, and subsequently caused regime change, each of which constitutes acts of war. Secretary [54:29] Hegseth executed unlawful orders violating Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the United States Constitution [54:36] by ordering United States Armed Forces to commit an act of war against Venezuela without a declaration of [54:42] war by Congress against such a nation, and by making rules concerning captures on land, a power [54:50] specifically vested in Congress, where Congress had made no rules authorizing or otherwise applicable [54:56] to such operation. Secretary Hegseth executed unlawful orders in contravention of Section 2C of the War [55:03] Powers Resolution of 1973, Section 1541C of Title 50, United States Code, by entering United States Armed Forces [55:13] into hostilities in Venezuela on January 3rd, 2026, without a declaration of war, a specific statutory [55:20] authorization or statutory authorization or national emergency created by an attack upon the United [55:24] States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces. Through these actions, Secretary Hegseth knowingly [55:32] directed United States Armed Forces into hostilities against a sovereign foreign nation without clear [55:38] constitutional or specific statutory authority, employing military force of a nature and magnitude rising to [55:45] the level of constitutional war. In doing so, Secretary Hegseth usurped Congress's constitutional authority over war [55:53] and transformed the Department of Defense into an instrument for objectives extending far beyond the [55:59] apprehension of Nicolas Maduro for purposes of narcotics law enforcement, including regime change and the [56:07] acquisition of foreign oil. In all of this, Secretary Hegseth abused the powers of the Department of Defense, violated the [56:15] laws and treaty obligations of the United States, and subordinated the constitutional allocation of [56:21] war powers to executive objectives neither authorized nor approved by Congress. Wherefore, Secretary of Defense [56:30] Peter Hegseth, by such conduct, has demonstrated that he will remain a threat to the Constitution and to the [56:36] well-being of the United States military personnel, if allowed to remain in office, and has acted in a [56:44] manner grossly incompatible with his duties and the rule of law, Peter Brian Hegseth thus warrants impeachment [56:50] and trial, removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit [56:57] under the United States. Article 8, Unlawful War in Yemen. The Constitution provides that the House of [57:05] Representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment, and that civil officers of the United States, [57:10] including the Secretary of Defense, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, [57:16] treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. In his conduct while Secretary of Defense, [57:22] Peter Brian Hegseth, in violation of his oath to support and defend the Constitution of the United [57:27] States, and in violation of his constitutional duty to take care that the laws be faithfully executed, [57:33] especially with regard to the Commission of War, has abused the powers of the Department of Defense, [57:38] in that, using the powers of his office, Secretary of Defense Peter Hegseth directed the Department [57:45] of Defense in a manner leading to the deaths of an estimated 224 civilians, as well as approximately 500 [57:53] to 600 Houthi fighters through the initiation and direction of Operation Rough Rider. The operation [58:01] comprised more than 1,100 strikes against targets in Yemen over approximately 52 days. In less than eight [58:08] weeks, there were nearly as many civilian deaths in Yemen as the United States military actions had [58:14] caused in that country during the preceding 23 years. Secretary Hegseth initiated and directed [58:21] these hostilities in the absence of any of the predicates required in Section 2C of the War Powers [58:27] Resolution of 1973 for the President to introduce United States military armed forces into hostilities. [58:35] Moreover, Secretary Hegseth acknowledged the absence of any imminent threat to the United States, [58:42] further undermining any assertion of Article 2 authority to initiate such hostilities without [58:48] Congressional authorization. Secretary Hegseth initiated and directed Operation Rough Rider without [58:55] Congressional approval pursuant to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 11 of the United States Constitution, [59:03] or statutory authorization in that Secretary Hegseth executed unlawful orders in contravention of Section [59:11] 2C of the War Powers Resolution of 1973, Section 1541C of Title 50, United States Code, by entering and [59:20] sustaining United States Navy and Air Force personnel into hostilities in Yemen between March 15th and May 6th, [59:28] 2025, without a declaration of war, a specific statutory authorization, or a national emergency created [59:36] by an attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces. Secretary Hegseth executed [59:44] unlawful orders in contravention of Section 4A of the War Powers Resolution of 1973, Section 1543A of Title 50, [59:54] United States Code, by continuing to direct the United States Armed Forces into hostilities in Yemen after [1:00:01] March 17th, 2025, despite the President of the United States having failed to notify Congress of such [1:00:09] hostilities within 48 hours of their commencement, as required by Section 4A, and notwithstanding that [1:00:16] the President did not transmit such report to Congress until March 28th, 2025, thereby further [1:00:23] undermining any possible Article II authority for the continued hostilities, especially during such 13-day [1:00:30] period. Outside of the requirements to engage in hostilities pursuant to the War Powers Resolution of [1:00:37] 1973, Secretary Hegseth directed Operation Roughrider in the absence of any imminent threat requiring military [1:00:45] action without prior Congressional authorization, as evidenced by a leaked signal chat involving Secretary [1:00:53] Hegseth concerning the potential execution of Operation Roughrider, in which several senior United States [1:01:02] Government officials, including Secretary Hegseth, each possessing unfettered access to military and [1:01:08] intelligence information, advised that there was no immediate need to enter United States Armed Forces into [1:01:15] hostilities in Yemen, thereby asserting there was no imminent threat to the United States, its possessions [1:01:20] or territories, or its armed forces, as indicated through the following communications. Vice President [1:01:28] J.D. Vance stating, quote, there is a strong argument for delaying a month, unquote. Then acting Chief of [1:01:36] Staff to the National Security Advisor, Joe Kent stating, quote, there is nothing time sensitive driving this [1:01:43] timeline. We'll have the exact same options in a month, unquote. Central Intelligence Agency Director [1:01:50] John Radcliffe stating, quote, a delay would not negatively impact us and an additional time would be [1:01:58] used to identify better starting points for coverage on Houthi leadership, unquote. And addressing the timing of [1:02:07] Roughrider, Operation Roughrider, Secretary Hegseth himself stated, quote, we can easily pause, unquote. [1:02:17] Addressing the Vice President's concerns regarding Operation Roughrider's immediate commencement, [1:02:22] Secretary Hegseth stated, quote, VP, I understand your concerns. Two, immediate risks on waiting. [1:02:30] If this leaks and we look indecisive, Israel takes action first or Gaza ceasefire falls apart. And we [1:02:41] don't get to start this on our own terms. This is about the Houthis reestablishing deterrence, [1:02:51] which Biden cratered, unquote. Thus, Secretary Hegseth knew there was no imminent threat to the United [1:02:58] States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces. As had such a threat existed, [1:03:05] there would have been no basis for him to state that we can easily pause. Moreover, the only immediate [1:03:11] risks identified by Secretary Hegseth concerned media optics and Israeli affairs rather than the direct [1:03:18] affairs of the United States of America, the nation to which his oath is sworn. In all of this, Secretary [1:03:25] Hegseth abused the powers entrusted to him as Secretary of Defense by subordinating the constitutional [1:03:31] limits on the use of military force and the laws governing the conduct of hostilities to his own [1:03:37] policy objectives, notwithstanding his knowledge that no imminent threat to the United States existed, [1:03:44] and demonstrated a profound disregard for civilian life, the rule of law, the constitutional authority [1:03:49] of Congress, and his duty to ensure the lawful conduct of the United States Armed Forces. [1:03:56] Wherefore, Secretary of Defense Peter Hegseth, by such conduct, has demonstrated that he will remain [1:04:02] a threat to civilians, the lawful conduct of the United States military operations, the integrity and [1:04:08] credibility of the United States Armed Forces, and the Constitution, if allowed to remain in office, [1:04:14] and has acted in a manner grossly incompatible with his duties and the rule of law, [1:04:18] Peter Brian Hegseth thus warrants impeachment and trial, removal from office, and disqualification [1:04:24] to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States. I yield back. [1:04:32] Under Rule 9, a resolution offered from the floor by a member other than the majority leader [1:04:41] or the minority leader as a question of the privileges of the House has immediate precedence only at a time [1:04:46] designated by the chair within two legislative days, after the resolution is properly noticed. [1:04:52] Pending that designation, the form of the resolution noticed by the gentleman from Kentucky [1:04:58] will appear in the record at this point. The chair will not at this point determine whether the [1:05:03] resolution constitutes a question of privilege. That determination will be made at the time [1:05:08] the time designated for consideration of the resolution.